Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.0.3'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open XiHe forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.xihe()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 2TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float64 184B 0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  xihe

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float64
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940000e-01, 2.645700e+00, 5.078200e+00, 7.929600e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581010e+01, 2.159880e+01, 2.944470e+01, 4.034410e+01, 5.576430e+01,
           7.785390e+01, 9.232610e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02])

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.833336,  89.916664,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83333,
            179.91667], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 334880 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 334880 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 334880 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 334880 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 14560 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([   0.494,   2.6457,   5.0782,   7.9296,   11.405,  15.8101,  21.5988,
            29.4447,  40.3441,  55.7643,  77.8539,  92.3261, 109.7293,  130.666,
           155.8507, 186.1256, 222.4752, 266.0403, 318.1274,  380.213, 453.9377,
           541.0889, 643.5668],
          dtype='float64', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33333587646484,  89.41666412353516,
                         89.5,  89.58333587646484,  89.66666412353516,
                        89.75,  89.83333587646484,  89.91666412353516,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
            179.1666717529297,             179.25,  179.3333282470703,
            179.4166717529297,              179.5,  179.5833282470703,
            179.6666717529297,             179.75,  179.8333282470703,
            179.9166717529297],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  xihe

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.078643	0.083736	0.084193	0.084390	0.084638	0.088659	0.088019	0.087903	0.089619	0.090638
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.651318	0.647636	0.658433	0.679346	0.692612	0.702239	0.689601	0.759418	0.774766	0.791608
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.719832	0.706740	0.730674	0.734002	0.726333	0.714377	0.705593	0.705270	0.719822	0.691458
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122443	0.120483	0.120766	0.120684	0.121482	0.121460	0.120310	0.121133	0.120563	0.120851
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124561	0.122239	0.122745	0.123280	0.124549	0.124480	0.123498	0.124923	0.124641	0.124502
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.812718	0.826075	0.826607	0.831709	0.842419	0.871292	0.809523	0.869793	0.889262	0.921761
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.367136	0.378188	0.381367	0.376515	0.387722	0.385932	0.377296	0.380025	0.383736	0.402831
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.113032	0.110680	0.110374	0.109388	0.109954	0.109829	0.108488	0.109347	0.108672	0.108462
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.114237	0.111337	0.110881	0.109837	0.110896	0.110365	0.109143	0.110220	0.109875	0.109962
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.957634	0.981370	0.992133	1.003668	0.992744	1.010400	0.999387	1.022626	1.037072	1.059302
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.227744	0.230281	0.229081	0.227538	0.230827	0.229624	0.232267	0.228274	0.235809	0.244663
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.109352	0.106513	0.105697	0.103794	0.103917	0.103637	0.101907	0.102616	0.101784	0.101369
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.113278	0.110239	0.109408	0.107483	0.107628	0.106840	0.105622	0.106409	0.105706	0.105640
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.824954	0.798626	0.817695	0.785134	0.815468	0.813318	0.815871	0.835073	0.818711	0.826418
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.145857	0.147132	0.148037	0.144947	0.145785	0.145909	0.143246	0.144340	0.142961	0.144404
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.104642	0.107583	0.105565	0.102524	0.102526	0.102265	0.102333	0.102412	0.101044	0.100348
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.109486	0.112374	0.110620	0.107768	0.108117	0.107455	0.106868	0.107310	0.106158	0.105276
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.703767	0.668849	0.687644	0.661969	0.687599	0.692241	0.681009	0.701118	0.694179	0.692672
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.111106	0.111889	0.114336	0.110995	0.111570	0.111809	0.108703	0.110917	0.108627	0.111262
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.101596	0.104806	0.102910	0.099886	0.099849	0.099622	0.099612	0.099445	0.098175	0.097337
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.105638	0.108660	0.107129	0.104028	0.104373	0.103897	0.103633	0.103763	0.102501	0.101505
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.525795	0.507471	0.516590	0.501894	0.522483	0.519562	0.511977	0.525767	0.523891	0.521675
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.081437	0.083586	0.082869	0.082210	0.081125	0.082732	0.079818	0.081621	0.080467	0.082147
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.092806	0.096201	0.094511	0.091478	0.091284	0.090975	0.090798	0.090204	0.089314	0.088512
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.096182	0.099640	0.098207	0.095150	0.095275	0.094825	0.094409	0.094211	0.093348	0.092541

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	70.01777	65.712732	67.171701	69.525493	64.992845	65.824385	69.10986	70.826206	73.231767	63.564769

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.724329	0.729536	0.751011	0.899825	0.813020	0.944678	0.872384	0.909342	0.798477	0.808557
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.657920	0.667680	0.653343	0.639515	0.647537	0.639955	0.595180	0.613450	0.625963	0.620791

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.595602	20.515839	29.708767	38.343807	46.548443	54.298256	61.694214	68.839081

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.036861	0.042779	0.045944	0.049457	0.053504	0.057131	0.062684	0.060951	0.061986	0.064131
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.439992	0.445393	0.452280	0.495605	0.518925	0.540234	0.551434	0.615618	0.618713	0.643351
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.250074	0.293948	0.278095	0.294637	0.304611	0.329054	0.343741	0.361063	0.368599	0.397027
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.053422	0.064116	0.072578	0.079555	0.086589	0.092514	0.097948	0.103181	0.105499	0.108037
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.055099	0.065392	0.073619	0.080652	0.087963	0.094227	0.099683	0.105126	0.108262	0.110336
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.494442	0.523214	0.529692	0.561460	0.598540	0.634692	0.610038	0.663338	0.676854	0.712614
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.113863	0.120507	0.118175	0.130099	0.130378	0.135106	0.142486	0.146320	0.150391	0.146701
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.038959	0.048045	0.055823	0.062398	0.069672	0.076213	0.082172	0.087937	0.090678	0.093254
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.039413	0.048033	0.055636	0.062857	0.069964	0.076534	0.082809	0.088410	0.091727	0.094534
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.500581	0.514391	0.523960	0.564248	0.587153	0.617906	0.634079	0.676797	0.696772	0.715965
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.092746	0.100924	0.100134	0.111704	0.108462	0.112894	0.114426	0.120594	0.121234	0.118154
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.034560	0.043655	0.050850	0.057397	0.064302	0.070838	0.076477	0.081952	0.084692	0.087022
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.034705	0.044561	0.051862	0.058759	0.065512	0.071806	0.077416	0.082842	0.085867	0.088328
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.389363	0.355261	0.358320	0.404347	0.414285	0.436979	0.470166	0.489288	0.489372	0.502881
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.063027	0.061584	0.060637	0.068943	0.069668	0.073587	0.078102	0.080899	0.081926	0.083094
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.056302	0.034287	0.039027	0.046391	0.051196	0.057524	0.063329	0.068203	0.070619	0.073177
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.052160	0.033888	0.038581	0.045971	0.050560	0.056587	0.062359	0.066983	0.069484	0.071987
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.345816	0.300674	0.305281	0.344094	0.358074	0.381325	0.402091	0.422594	0.426392	0.435870
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.053598	0.051159	0.052223	0.058025	0.059296	0.062416	0.066378	0.068198	0.069298	0.070565
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.051952	0.031978	0.036552	0.043623	0.048111	0.053968	0.059523	0.064179	0.066505	0.068976
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.047754	0.031267	0.035868	0.042827	0.047214	0.052823	0.058324	0.062725	0.065155	0.067556
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.268427	0.242950	0.237531	0.274605	0.281511	0.287321	0.309156	0.323713	0.327318	0.332236
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.043776	0.043058	0.041657	0.046757	0.046239	0.049029	0.051070	0.052389	0.052346	0.054006
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.043728	0.029044	0.033364	0.039813	0.043633	0.048512	0.053493	0.057427	0.059555	0.061746
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.039926	0.028469	0.032682	0.039131	0.042795	0.047458	0.052314	0.056128	0.058270	0.060433

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	71.538729	63.540012	68.016162	71.428715	63.532823	64.481236	70.881899	73.140359	76.827534	61.570008

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.517961	0.515433	0.519062	0.577397	0.568873	0.645062	0.517980	0.637288	0.572524	0.557681
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.528038	0.547730	0.540199	0.524921	0.524024	0.513730	0.486001	0.499480	0.517173	0.514825

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	5.173614	10.629889	16.117733	21.817513	27.830221	34.056229	40.448875	46.985046

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.912091	0.896297	0.834170	0.896835	0.925117	0.935739	0.932751	0.966497	0.961034	0.967880
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.547942	0.709998	0.604866	0.905544	0.920599	0.939039	0.894262	0.944032	0.983919	1.016459
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.907763	0.741574	0.920998	0.970630	0.981622	0.993466	0.993921	1.013247	1.025067	1.075574
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.892359	0.685149	0.817885	0.841533	0.833240	0.846096	0.834515	0.862730	0.857120	0.884739
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.528239	0.491107	0.504591	0.538784	0.557416	0.563618	0.562274	0.584465	0.579044	0.601993
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.242720	0.308238	0.358060	0.284514	0.296747	0.277383	0.275125	0.303596	0.313243	0.310848
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.241143	0.216699	0.237449	0.271161	0.254180	0.252475	0.255224	0.255769	0.267823	0.249735
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.156201	0.113349	0.130392	0.142401	0.137922	0.138846	0.137828	0.135197	0.138517	0.138293
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.090098	0.080103	0.083065	0.080975	0.081051	0.081970	0.083082	0.083675	0.084354	0.086430
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.104252	0.103616	0.105569	0.112886	0.116238	0.114332	0.120064	0.117403	0.117439	0.118586
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.210133	0.221845	0.220276	0.216582	0.218010	0.219911	0.219727	0.219118	0.220938	0.220800
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.194432	0.202879	0.205910	0.200549	0.201907	0.201658	0.201616	0.200407	0.200706	0.202770