Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.0.3'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 342GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         lat: 672, lon: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * lat                 (lat) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * lon                 (lon) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 -179.5 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon) float64 4GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    regrid_method:           bilinear
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glonet

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • lat: 672
  • lon: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (lat)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • lon
    (lon)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 3.75 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 672, 1440) Dask graph 52 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lat
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lat', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • lon
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lon', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (3)

  regrid_method :

  bilinear

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.075011	0.075699	0.076645	0.077234	0.081292	0.081417	0.083991	0.083980	0.088251	0.088682
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.652963	0.668138	0.684100	0.688940	0.744553	0.757282	0.823219	0.825482	0.897370	0.912831
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.784364	0.779122	0.789065	0.784865	0.794788	0.786468	0.800714	0.793921	0.808190	0.794032
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.123800	0.123134	0.123660	0.124213	0.127258	0.127924	0.131070	0.133070	0.136935	0.138084
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124898	0.124549	0.125849	0.126905	0.130907	0.131856	0.134816	0.137345	0.141916	0.143689
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.951248	0.961385	0.978586	0.996311	1.032044	1.068456	1.105065	1.160277	1.190581	1.260577
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.359301	0.358292	0.366537	0.366240	0.372034	0.372357	0.377904	0.378843	0.384317	0.385659
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.109311	0.109163	0.108036	0.108942	0.109924	0.112125	0.114690	0.117981	0.120302	0.122909
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.110983	0.110652	0.109731	0.110446	0.111411	0.113305	0.115646	0.118677	0.121262	0.124403
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.013975	1.018525	1.032025	1.046868	1.063016	1.092178	1.111447	1.153763	1.171003	1.223978
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.246523	0.246794	0.249711	0.250683	0.253024	0.254625	0.256996	0.259219	0.261306	0.263804
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.105919	0.105832	0.104502	0.105035	0.105380	0.106563	0.107945	0.109703	0.110885	0.112160
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110653	0.110651	0.109524	0.109958	0.110344	0.111537	0.113006	0.115070	0.116687	0.118498
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.867029	0.870941	0.878790	0.883569	0.887966	0.895524	0.904188	0.914558	0.925263	0.936086
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.159557	0.159735	0.159892	0.160298	0.161005	0.161776	0.162855	0.163919	0.164964	0.166105
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102400	0.102331	0.100579	0.100846	0.100593	0.101262	0.101794	0.102904	0.103303	0.104081
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108176	0.108098	0.106771	0.106957	0.106967	0.107645	0.108373	0.109453	0.110106	0.110912
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.734689	0.735288	0.736196	0.737351	0.732081	0.735824	0.735552	0.742193	0.745348	0.751863
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.124912	0.124815	0.125415	0.125307	0.125971	0.126063	0.126989	0.127309	0.128231	0.128575
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.099733	0.099704	0.097817	0.097987	0.097577	0.098127	0.098485	0.099400	0.099657	0.100303
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.103871	0.103814	0.102149	0.102244	0.101957	0.102389	0.102767	0.103520	0.103912	0.104471
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.545585	0.547753	0.537034	0.539727	0.540524	0.544230	0.550843	0.555686	0.564125	0.568008
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.091974	0.091945	0.092292	0.092268	0.093319	0.093435	0.094779	0.095063	0.096352	0.096659
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091327	0.091229	0.089428	0.089417	0.088931	0.089205	0.089349	0.089864	0.089993	0.090328
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.094957	0.094842	0.093170	0.093178	0.092854	0.093130	0.093391	0.093905	0.094204	0.094599

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	50.251743	50.82864	53.98539	54.95322	57.824455	59.233372	61.252884	62.355217	63.671677	64.697449

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.176607	0.173512	0.221559	0.217770	0.259084	0.256862	0.288663	0.290793	0.316418	0.323351
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.151486	0.157598	0.181247	0.186305	0.209214	0.218188	0.234009	0.247158	0.260691	0.276672

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.862782	18.890907	27.450657	35.810017	43.981487	51.923313	59.705467	67.423134

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.025780	0.029301	0.033534	0.039503	0.045606	0.050002	0.053699	0.058903	0.062252	0.066096
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.388620	0.411672	0.485040	0.500570	0.595979	0.623103	0.710947	0.724981	0.806269	0.832784
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.140916	0.146462	0.203252	0.213358	0.255208	0.267359	0.299953	0.311225	0.340455	0.348861
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.068369	0.072029	0.071847	0.080475	0.089933	0.098010	0.107079	0.114994	0.122598	0.127473
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.064771	0.068845	0.071855	0.081153	0.092060	0.100413	0.109362	0.117794	0.126338	0.131918
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.702055	0.710236	0.753596	0.775416	0.838386	0.882290	0.945973	1.008881	1.058662	1.130818
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.095831	0.097780	0.134589	0.137478	0.161834	0.165318	0.183895	0.187332	0.202354	0.204958
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.047760	0.049972	0.054521	0.059547	0.065906	0.073754	0.082213	0.090825	0.097382	0.103803
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046600	0.048748	0.054929	0.060186	0.066618	0.074229	0.082736	0.091579	0.098847	0.106180
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.522847	0.526607	0.597924	0.622630	0.699546	0.745729	0.819989	0.879932	0.940328	1.003553
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.076010	0.076386	0.101227	0.102202	0.120608	0.121995	0.136997	0.138382	0.150349	0.150559
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.042005	0.043258	0.047754	0.052183	0.058149	0.064753	0.072256	0.079311	0.084997	0.090058
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.040545	0.042111	0.047730	0.052621	0.058823	0.065822	0.073434	0.081103	0.087364	0.093321
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.391543	0.396270	0.448988	0.464644	0.502227	0.529207	0.567405	0.601182	0.631457	0.661974
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.050069	0.050239	0.068609	0.069914	0.082745	0.085129	0.095045	0.097956	0.105042	0.107349
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.032637	0.033100	0.037202	0.041037	0.046489	0.052556	0.059295	0.065895	0.071006	0.075811
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.031238	0.031831	0.036459	0.040427	0.045911	0.052069	0.058771	0.065435	0.070680	0.075760
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.335959	0.340393	0.385704	0.399754	0.423556	0.448691	0.473652	0.505357	0.525183	0.553571
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.047760	0.047986	0.061836	0.063108	0.072131	0.074458	0.081321	0.084229	0.089002	0.091470
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.029545	0.029892	0.033992	0.037673	0.042934	0.048734	0.055128	0.061438	0.066320	0.070997
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028255	0.028633	0.033187	0.036940	0.042150	0.048016	0.054319	0.060621	0.065580	0.070419
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.194694	0.196094	0.246721	0.253839	0.297452	0.310491	0.349549	0.366145	0.395775	0.408791
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.035103	0.035132	0.046463	0.047006	0.055479	0.056580	0.063143	0.064618	0.069374	0.070598
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.025130	0.025526	0.029519	0.033102	0.037931	0.043148	0.048758	0.054264	0.058597	0.062732
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023922	0.024333	0.028755	0.032310	0.037066	0.042218	0.047697	0.053176	0.057571	0.061851

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	43.029461	43.807594	48.643303	49.789185	53.622307	55.17326	57.538815	58.539513	60.072083	61.23093

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.147975	0.145613	0.201780	0.199978	0.244811	0.245446	0.279339	0.284038	0.310540	0.319329
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.119203	0.128415	0.159816	0.168583	0.194141	0.206955	0.225031	0.241145	0.255658	0.272876

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.351207	8.416325	12.587933	17.458523	22.997576	29.091667	35.697056	42.743877

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(challenger_dataset)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.867764	0.816412	0.838615	0.849771	0.927732	0.921523	0.981041	0.985206	1.011468	1.023839
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.592478	0.630840	0.665090	0.928491	0.970872	1.000898	1.027830	1.042143	1.096257	1.153546
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.107826	0.903215	1.034545	1.140734	1.147412	1.181873	1.225673	1.258410	1.285418	1.344989
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	1.033868	0.788003	0.925397	0.903191	0.896636	0.932962	0.948264	0.970486	0.986091	1.047510
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.631611	0.495254	0.553197	0.557982	0.560380	0.569026	0.585990	0.588777	0.586582	0.645978
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.233539	0.279709	0.360804	0.255490	0.276847	0.257534	0.258893	0.276588	0.289814	0.313139
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.192404	0.218760	0.196732	0.216452	0.223749	0.218953	0.216865	0.228068	0.238726	0.232267
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.161073	0.110118	0.142648	0.136320	0.133775	0.140882	0.138625	0.141583	0.144069	0.148762
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.103350	0.075756	0.085201	0.082618	0.084578	0.085027	0.088226	0.087739	0.090806	0.097214
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.106589	0.107000	0.106920	0.113592	0.112851	0.116288	0.115657	0.121191	0.119178	0.124120
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.194236	0.208593	0.207896	0.207826	0.209864	0.213325	0.215678	0.215365	0.218060	0.218666
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.177510	0.191586	0.194584	0.193850	0.195859	0.196658	0.198811	0.199334	0.200772	0.203301