Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.1.4'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 342GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         lat: 672, lon: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * lat                 (lat) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * lon                 (lon) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 -179.5 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon) float64 4GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    regrid_method:           bilinear
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glonet

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • lat: 672
  • lon: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (lat)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • lon
    (lon)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 3.75 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 672, 1440) Dask graph 52 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lat
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lat', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • lon
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lon', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (3)

  regrid_method :

  bilinear

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

Evaluation configuration

region = 'ibi'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.060738	0.061895	0.067055	0.070372	0.076151	0.074529	0.074361	0.076943	0.082701	0.081893
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.526796	0.537582	0.609783	0.613521	0.689876	0.698071	0.774863	0.775987	0.844954	0.851970
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.253720	0.255676	0.257618	0.259165	0.267005	0.270972	0.276782	0.280197	0.287524	0.293227
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.097318	0.096452	0.099304	0.101617	0.102752	0.102281	0.103096	0.104174	0.106274	0.106281
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.099757	0.099749	0.101698	0.103376	0.107314	0.109944	0.112706	0.115462	0.116674	0.117786
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.851059	0.848602	0.916360	0.911762	0.996629	0.994654	1.071534	1.075517	1.142991	1.154558
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.197597	0.197074	0.208326	0.207720	0.223208	0.222471	0.240055	0.238729	0.257411	0.255031
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.086828	0.086853	0.086354	0.087457	0.088177	0.088592	0.089877	0.090966	0.092586	0.093532
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.088990	0.089175	0.088794	0.089730	0.090543	0.091000	0.092158	0.093325	0.094739	0.096190
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.756779	0.756381	0.804672	0.809238	0.856083	0.870228	0.908584	0.934574	0.965103	1.003848
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.189273	0.189583	0.188538	0.189358	0.191798	0.193002	0.197771	0.198927	0.204958	0.205729
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.083513	0.083659	0.082886	0.083787	0.084221	0.084751	0.085543	0.086555	0.087462	0.088655
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.085466	0.085749	0.084851	0.085636	0.086007	0.086814	0.087749	0.088971	0.090005	0.091197
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.730352	0.744671	0.768041	0.788448	0.775599	0.798902	0.781873	0.808310	0.795569	0.823212
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.141040	0.141174	0.148124	0.148626	0.155731	0.156532	0.163905	0.164865	0.172239	0.173178
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.079128	0.079216	0.077955	0.078432	0.078397	0.079161	0.079594	0.080574	0.080937	0.081783
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.080063	0.080248	0.079169	0.079712	0.079890	0.080747	0.081403	0.082472	0.083096	0.084002
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.665476	0.673462	0.690138	0.704394	0.678865	0.697727	0.671241	0.693848	0.674803	0.698730
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.115814	0.115971	0.120139	0.120151	0.125428	0.125548	0.131758	0.132072	0.138766	0.139212
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.078723	0.078780	0.077438	0.077820	0.077683	0.078314	0.078635	0.079412	0.079681	0.080309
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.079555	0.079729	0.078513	0.078996	0.078986	0.079756	0.080235	0.081193	0.081669	0.082467
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.433610	0.438149	0.424632	0.428527	0.441112	0.444675	0.465116	0.469451	0.492252	0.497606
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.102239	0.102206	0.111852	0.111712	0.120004	0.119848	0.127153	0.127114	0.133478	0.133568
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.081359	0.081466	0.080142	0.080489	0.080385	0.080903	0.081132	0.081739	0.081867	0.082301
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.082686	0.082800	0.081428	0.081692	0.081520	0.081934	0.082167	0.082664	0.082871	0.083239

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	46.50502	47.401615	49.512482	50.918926	53.370811	54.980942	55.765774	56.445065	56.82452	57.879154

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.078814	0.078641	0.086572	0.087080	0.094429	0.094145	0.100358	0.101005	0.105970	0.106444
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.068102	0.067537	0.073472	0.073506	0.079362	0.078739	0.083915	0.084315	0.088843	0.088745

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	8.073449	15.314805	22.200138	28.840288	35.190834	41.36805	47.490852	53.449585

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.024294	0.030276	0.040147	0.049393	0.054451	0.054456	0.053733	0.058450	0.064035	0.067017
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.307658	0.317946	0.471725	0.479003	0.598637	0.610064	0.711798	0.715337	0.795874	0.806127
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.089371	0.093180	0.133846	0.137731	0.168252	0.170922	0.192690	0.197520	0.215971	0.224141
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.040398	0.045851	0.053792	0.063521	0.070112	0.076044	0.081478	0.087371	0.093600	0.096750
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.040426	0.046245	0.053948	0.064016	0.073779	0.083242	0.090677	0.098043	0.102998	0.107505
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.696891	0.688456	0.797343	0.792642	0.908550	0.910353	1.007984	1.018921	1.096588	1.112783
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.099974	0.099137	0.142960	0.142374	0.177718	0.176676	0.207315	0.205761	0.232985	0.229709
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.028019	0.030850	0.038547	0.044532	0.051255	0.055664	0.062363	0.068177	0.074251	0.078633
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.029139	0.030837	0.039666	0.045617	0.052455	0.057247	0.064015	0.069718	0.075302	0.080104
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.469140	0.469598	0.570503	0.576854	0.665658	0.682368	0.754147	0.781748	0.836423	0.873002
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.079477	0.079270	0.110993	0.111310	0.134356	0.134750	0.153923	0.154191	0.170421	0.169919
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.024789	0.026313	0.033296	0.038585	0.044778	0.049675	0.056080	0.061757	0.067108	0.072003
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.024335	0.025783	0.032734	0.038239	0.044314	0.049987	0.056460	0.062659	0.068042	0.073074
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.337624	0.349880	0.423114	0.443937	0.470892	0.495777	0.517872	0.544501	0.566144	0.590489
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.060028	0.059763	0.083625	0.083616	0.102440	0.102640	0.118473	0.118844	0.132048	0.132129
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020652	0.021427	0.026408	0.030604	0.036065	0.041632	0.047617	0.053548	0.058225	0.062872
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020764	0.021266	0.026702	0.030631	0.036296	0.041873	0.048075	0.054116	0.059112	0.063885
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.364401	0.373199	0.425045	0.441703	0.443465	0.465614	0.470122	0.494333	0.506420	0.527672
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.064865	0.065133	0.079789	0.080020	0.092535	0.093006	0.104468	0.105195	0.115500	0.116168
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019302	0.020004	0.024757	0.028840	0.034080	0.039657	0.045454	0.051233	0.055773	0.060286
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019744	0.020126	0.025731	0.029565	0.035188	0.040687	0.046703	0.052623	0.057507	0.062161
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.203220	0.206777	0.266898	0.269689	0.333420	0.337346	0.392112	0.397786	0.442304	0.448664
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.063144	0.063163	0.081340	0.081352	0.095238	0.095356	0.106503	0.106643	0.115584	0.115705
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.018344	0.018776	0.024028	0.028148	0.033740	0.039378	0.045399	0.051091	0.055834	0.060250
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.018963	0.019077	0.024611	0.028715	0.034297	0.039921	0.045806	0.051537	0.056221	0.060659

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	44.602722	45.639683	48.367378	49.877842	52.676716	54.237919	54.984135	55.726841	56.137093	57.437973

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.038197	0.039192	0.054960	0.059783	0.071441	0.075489	0.084118	0.088655	0.095045	0.098524
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030444	0.030624	0.044252	0.046990	0.057272	0.060038	0.068115	0.071521	0.077861	0.080156

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	3.126194	6.408586	10.08403	14.331806	19.06616	24.288481	29.956776	35.884697

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.543718	0.600749	0.638643	0.603545	0.681051	0.920710	0.750548	0.724725	0.790099	0.817498
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.686014	0.697792	0.872921	0.768467	0.900365	0.902589	0.899316	0.884969	1.081826	1.042859
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.030286	1.035288	1.023835	1.099882	1.134171	1.138546	1.204881	1.225083	1.322763	1.260135
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.470469	0.485367	0.509395	0.559847	0.573988	0.636410	0.601057	0.636755	0.636057	0.615097
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.425556	0.400560	0.412095	0.432817	0.426015	0.447493	0.440285	0.456720	0.483584	0.522682
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.341140	0.264497	0.285074	0.255709	0.487294	0.287998	0.431493	0.406676	0.372636	0.367193
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.243586	0.232288	0.215847	0.250836	0.291412	0.285308	0.282913	0.287712	0.330569	0.287144
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.112491	0.113656	0.100823	0.124845	0.135550	0.155224	0.132184	0.142866	0.158031	0.145683
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.077763	0.074962	0.090766	0.086383	0.103431	0.098846	0.119882	0.122281	0.124962	0.148495
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.113064	0.115931	0.111759	0.114369	0.111706	0.116337	0.114245	0.119026	0.116324	0.119285
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.201070	0.201005	0.203872	0.195440	0.208506	0.195069	0.205427	0.207149	0.209297	0.207358
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.173152	0.173901	0.172501	0.177404	0.175198	0.177508	0.179580	0.178703	0.180767	0.176750