Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.1.4'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 342GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         lat: 672, lon: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * lat                 (lat) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * lon                 (lon) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 -179.5 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon) float64 4GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    regrid_method:           bilinear
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glonet

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • lat: 672
  • lon: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (lat)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • lon
    (lon)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, lat, lon)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 3.75 GiB 73.83 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 10, 672, 1440) Dask graph 52 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lat
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lat', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • lon
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='lon', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (3)

  regrid_method :

  bilinear

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.075073	0.075741	0.076701	0.077302	0.081412	0.081488	0.084103	0.084073	0.088418	0.088859
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.649336	0.664411	0.680828	0.685762	0.741266	0.753781	0.819495	0.821605	0.893211	0.908519
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.784364	0.779122	0.789065	0.784865	0.794788	0.786468	0.800714	0.793921	0.808190	0.794032
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.123800	0.123134	0.123660	0.124213	0.127258	0.127924	0.131070	0.133070	0.136935	0.138084
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124958	0.124594	0.125878	0.126963	0.130994	0.131918	0.134870	0.137407	0.141976	0.143744
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.951248	0.961385	0.978586	0.996311	1.032044	1.068456	1.105065	1.160277	1.190581	1.260577
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.359301	0.358292	0.366537	0.366240	0.372034	0.372357	0.377904	0.378843	0.384317	0.385659
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.109421	0.109264	0.108130	0.109024	0.109998	0.112200	0.114766	0.118054	0.120367	0.122986
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.111045	0.110711	0.109790	0.110480	0.111428	0.113323	0.115658	0.118688	0.121264	0.124408
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.013975	1.018525	1.032025	1.046868	1.063016	1.092178	1.111447	1.153763	1.171003	1.223978
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.246523	0.246794	0.249711	0.250683	0.253024	0.254625	0.256996	0.259219	0.261306	0.263804
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.106030	0.105939	0.104604	0.105128	0.105480	0.106664	0.108045	0.109802	0.110981	0.112254
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110689	0.110694	0.109567	0.109998	0.110384	0.111584	0.113062	0.115133	0.116763	0.118581
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.867029	0.870941	0.878790	0.883569	0.887966	0.895524	0.904188	0.914558	0.925263	0.936086
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.159557	0.159735	0.159892	0.160298	0.161005	0.161776	0.162855	0.163919	0.164964	0.166105
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102432	0.102363	0.100607	0.100868	0.100615	0.101282	0.101816	0.102927	0.103327	0.104107
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108217	0.108135	0.106812	0.107002	0.107012	0.107686	0.108416	0.109504	0.110157	0.110961
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.734689	0.735288	0.736196	0.737351	0.732081	0.735824	0.735552	0.742193	0.745348	0.751863
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.124912	0.124815	0.125415	0.125307	0.125971	0.126063	0.126989	0.127309	0.128231	0.128575
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.099765	0.099739	0.097855	0.098024	0.097616	0.098171	0.098533	0.099453	0.099709	0.100351
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.103934	0.103883	0.102230	0.102330	0.102044	0.102478	0.102858	0.103616	0.104007	0.104565
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.545585	0.547753	0.537034	0.539727	0.540524	0.544230	0.550843	0.555686	0.564125	0.568008
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.091889	0.091858	0.092196	0.092167	0.093212	0.093322	0.094660	0.094939	0.096220	0.096521
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091326	0.091228	0.089434	0.089425	0.088942	0.089216	0.089359	0.089876	0.090004	0.090339
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.095024	0.094909	0.093243	0.093248	0.092925	0.093203	0.093467	0.093987	0.094290	0.094686

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	50.131214	50.680058	53.871655	54.788525	57.716248	59.029179	61.122387	62.114277	63.524372	64.448517

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.176800	0.173816	0.221674	0.217881	0.259103	0.256797	0.288688	0.290638	0.316346	0.323134
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.151329	0.157495	0.181122	0.186270	0.209164	0.218193	0.233941	0.247114	0.260623	0.276596

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.936228	19.042492	27.682323	36.117245	44.359756	52.369209	60.214115	67.989388

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.025971	0.029460	0.033602	0.039687	0.045752	0.050105	0.053755	0.058933	0.062322	0.066165
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.385234	0.408289	0.482150	0.497851	0.593153	0.620151	0.707668	0.721464	0.802410	0.828858
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.140916	0.146462	0.203252	0.213358	0.255208	0.267359	0.299953	0.311225	0.340455	0.348861
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.068369	0.072029	0.071847	0.080475	0.089933	0.098010	0.107079	0.114994	0.122598	0.127473
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.064865	0.068879	0.071857	0.081184	0.092135	0.100467	0.109367	0.117798	0.126354	0.131938
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.702055	0.710236	0.753596	0.775416	0.838386	0.882290	0.945973	1.008881	1.058662	1.130818
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.095831	0.097780	0.134589	0.137478	0.161834	0.165318	0.183895	0.187332	0.202354	0.204958
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.047777	0.049968	0.054487	0.059506	0.065845	0.073675	0.082144	0.090756	0.097325	0.103776
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046586	0.048710	0.054876	0.060105	0.066532	0.074122	0.082624	0.091469	0.098726	0.106046
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.522847	0.526607	0.597924	0.622630	0.699546	0.745729	0.819989	0.879932	0.940328	1.003553
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.076010	0.076386	0.101227	0.102202	0.120608	0.121995	0.136997	0.138382	0.150349	0.150559
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.042016	0.043275	0.047745	0.052155	0.058114	0.064707	0.072202	0.079262	0.084961	0.090017
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.040525	0.042082	0.047691	0.052570	0.058763	0.065753	0.073367	0.081033	0.087300	0.093262
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.391543	0.396270	0.448988	0.464644	0.502227	0.529207	0.567405	0.601182	0.631457	0.661974
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.050069	0.050239	0.068609	0.069914	0.082745	0.085129	0.095045	0.097956	0.105042	0.107349
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.032623	0.033088	0.037176	0.041002	0.046450	0.052510	0.059244	0.065837	0.070949	0.075755
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.031223	0.031808	0.036427	0.040388	0.045863	0.052014	0.058707	0.065364	0.070606	0.075691
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.335959	0.340393	0.385704	0.399754	0.423556	0.448691	0.473652	0.505357	0.525183	0.553571
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.047760	0.047986	0.061836	0.063108	0.072131	0.074458	0.081321	0.084229	0.089002	0.091470
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.029507	0.029857	0.033933	0.037599	0.042847	0.048634	0.055021	0.061325	0.066203	0.070877
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028203	0.028575	0.033117	0.036848	0.042048	0.047903	0.054188	0.060476	0.065429	0.070261
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.194694	0.196094	0.246721	0.253839	0.297452	0.310491	0.349549	0.366145	0.395775	0.408791
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.035087	0.035115	0.046436	0.046977	0.055444	0.056543	0.063104	0.064576	0.069330	0.070554
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.025112	0.025509	0.029491	0.033065	0.037891	0.043104	0.048710	0.054215	0.058544	0.062678
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023873	0.024287	0.028694	0.032235	0.036980	0.042120	0.047584	0.053054	0.057452	0.061733

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	42.984901	43.745911	48.614799	49.700947	53.581341	55.038391	57.473251	58.37212	59.979	61.047001

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.148046	0.145809	0.201735	0.199935	0.244662	0.245228	0.279238	0.283795	0.310370	0.319008
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.118859	0.128042	0.159512	0.168321	0.193884	0.206707	0.224688	0.241050	0.255496	0.272684

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.49845	8.717093	13.041584	18.053041	23.715696	29.916578	36.61113	43.73315

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.803589	0.782117	0.834611	0.847791	0.925947	0.914290	0.972415	0.980682	1.009277	1.016309
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.847571	0.868546	0.915073	0.919878	0.961400	0.990956	1.018103	1.030368	1.090135	1.148077
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.098428	1.087656	1.108356	1.139164	1.147078	1.176385	1.225053	1.255290	1.283614	1.343561
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.872632	0.854749	0.870060	0.901158	0.895681	0.931350	0.945926	0.968173	0.982001	1.045097
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.566763	0.558171	0.543555	0.557982	0.560380	0.569026	0.585990	0.588777	0.586582	0.645978
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.251122	0.257099	0.292514	0.255497	0.276855	0.257534	0.258901	0.276596	0.289809	0.313151
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.205024	0.211665	0.208622	0.216467	0.223749	0.218941	0.216872	0.228079	0.238718	0.232288
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.135302	0.134421	0.132690	0.136751	0.134020	0.141854	0.138902	0.141951	0.144486	0.149031
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.082108	0.081753	0.080758	0.082612	0.084588	0.085044	0.088228	0.087710	0.090819	0.097231
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.109349	0.109836	0.110681	0.113694	0.112923	0.116415	0.115748	0.121275	0.119243	0.124226
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.203661	0.208106	0.209745	0.207867	0.209951	0.213657	0.216125	0.215743	0.218162	0.218706
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.186209	0.189007	0.192425	0.193795	0.195950	0.196839	0.199068	0.199691	0.200877	0.203493