Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.1.4'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 2TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:             CF-1.8
    area:                    Global
    contact:                 https://marine.copernicus.eu/contact
    credit:                  E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS)
    institution:             Mercator Ocean International
    licence:                 http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/s...
    producer:                CMEMS - Global Monitoring and Forecasting Centre
    references:              http://marine.copernicus.eu
    source:                  MOI GLO12
    title:                   daily mean fields from Global Ocean Physics Anal...
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 14560 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (12)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  contact :

  https://marine.copernicus.eu/contact

  credit :

  E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS)

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  licence :

  http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/service-commitments-and-licence/

  producer :

  CMEMS - Global Monitoring and Forecasting Centre

  references :

  http://marine.copernicus.eu

  source :

  MOI GLO12

  title :

  daily mean fields from Global Ocean Physics Analysis and Forecast updated Daily

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'ibi'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.057232	0.057298	0.058301	0.059191	0.062335	0.062120	0.064928	0.067459	0.072066	0.074632
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.440945	0.441807	0.445545	0.448893	0.459067	0.472300	0.492211	0.516057	0.540930	0.582137
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.257672	0.257132	0.257081	0.257632	0.259810	0.262126	0.264070	0.266194	0.268055	0.272181
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.095139	0.096540	0.098227	0.100139	0.102577	0.105444	0.108512	0.111246	0.114950	0.119048
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.098241	0.099726	0.101648	0.103600	0.106206	0.109395	0.112656	0.115840	0.120705	0.124644
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.707290	0.705891	0.704957	0.704918	0.705629	0.708677	0.713110	0.717239	0.719093	0.721320
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.186407	0.186838	0.187410	0.188071	0.188741	0.189629	0.190756	0.192098	0.193074	0.194073
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.093289	0.094772	0.096320	0.097871	0.099492	0.101088	0.102857	0.104589	0.106334	0.108027
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.096033	0.097426	0.099010	0.100623	0.102240	0.103812	0.105599	0.107504	0.109015	0.110795
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.722587	0.722648	0.723112	0.723690	0.725155	0.728030	0.731438	0.734885	0.736738	0.738976
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.189175	0.189715	0.190453	0.191234	0.192114	0.193217	0.194344	0.195518	0.196408	0.197390
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.090928	0.092369	0.093846	0.095398	0.096933	0.098463	0.100131	0.101779	0.103196	0.104642
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.092967	0.094288	0.095825	0.097337	0.098816	0.100436	0.102062	0.103720	0.105041	0.106341
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.639262	0.639105	0.639192	0.639841	0.640812	0.642400	0.644552	0.646642	0.647889	0.649567
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.131347	0.131290	0.131306	0.131413	0.131582	0.131860	0.132243	0.132653	0.132905	0.133214
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.086093	0.087365	0.088760	0.090142	0.091612	0.093094	0.094592	0.096035	0.097266	0.098480
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.087193	0.088475	0.089855	0.091179	0.092564	0.094046	0.095459	0.096791	0.097979	0.099137
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.527053	0.526770	0.526791	0.527048	0.527758	0.528873	0.530540	0.532220	0.533263	0.534317
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.101415	0.101321	0.101287	0.101305	0.101417	0.101560	0.101745	0.101965	0.102122	0.102285
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.085518	0.086682	0.087958	0.089287	0.090671	0.092097	0.093467	0.094753	0.095871	0.096982
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.086624	0.087773	0.089010	0.090247	0.091538	0.092872	0.094172	0.095409	0.096531	0.097592
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.402231	0.402148	0.402339	0.402927	0.403688	0.404856	0.406648	0.408635	0.409962	0.411364
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.089865	0.089865	0.089952	0.090127	0.090388	0.090684	0.091015	0.091369	0.091575	0.091841
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.088325	0.089235	0.090214	0.091283	0.092440	0.093582	0.094689	0.095760	0.096634	0.097533
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.089977	0.090833	0.091767	0.092804	0.093777	0.094839	0.095894	0.096936	0.097853	0.098689

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	30.052065	29.979288	29.636126	29.331347	29.576242	29.858988	31.456215	31.85491	32.520149	32.912437

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.089789	0.09119	0.092781	0.094346	0.096092	0.097914	0.099927	0.101735	0.103753	0.106044
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.090087	0.09148	0.093153	0.094666	0.096497	0.098350	0.100279	0.102015	0.103904	0.106189

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	8.468511	16.449497	23.904043	30.831038	37.378048	43.601784	49.605583	55.420105

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.007300	0.009301	0.012651	0.016540	0.022936	0.026811	0.032530	0.036315	0.043753	0.048549
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.092025	0.112718	0.141361	0.174937	0.216606	0.263532	0.309865	0.356426	0.401398	0.461722
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.027864	0.033663	0.041449	0.051172	0.062731	0.074800	0.088273	0.100506	0.111856	0.127309
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.018369	0.022784	0.028821	0.036212	0.044970	0.054369	0.063268	0.071585	0.079995	0.087720
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.018338	0.023064	0.029317	0.036948	0.045929	0.055950	0.065534	0.074769	0.084611	0.091840
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.127637	0.145921	0.173025	0.207904	0.247384	0.289941	0.334320	0.376765	0.404198	0.431699
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.025277	0.029682	0.035434	0.042403	0.050248	0.058847	0.067761	0.076250	0.083106	0.089751
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017334	0.020958	0.026053	0.032141	0.039300	0.046685	0.054451	0.061553	0.067582	0.073072
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017144	0.020952	0.026151	0.032422	0.039517	0.047174	0.055244	0.062481	0.068332	0.074036
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.107535	0.123516	0.146335	0.175607	0.209487	0.246236	0.284099	0.319699	0.345065	0.369562
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.025329	0.029716	0.035579	0.042730	0.050804	0.059469	0.068283	0.076714	0.083378	0.089826
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016681	0.020104	0.024916	0.030784	0.037557	0.044761	0.052196	0.058871	0.064252	0.069292
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016392	0.019990	0.024882	0.030902	0.037735	0.045067	0.052475	0.059346	0.064663	0.069746
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.088352	0.100717	0.118828	0.142213	0.169338	0.198634	0.228739	0.256379	0.275436	0.293344
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.017919	0.020420	0.023999	0.028559	0.033791	0.039414	0.045215	0.050528	0.054287	0.057808
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014735	0.017722	0.021964	0.027281	0.033368	0.039951	0.046657	0.052838	0.057586	0.062061
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014315	0.017490	0.021856	0.027268	0.033460	0.040077	0.046831	0.053054	0.057856	0.062404
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.072665	0.083258	0.098788	0.118837	0.142109	0.167305	0.193221	0.217268	0.234144	0.249840
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.013619	0.015602	0.018447	0.022062	0.026243	0.030769	0.035430	0.039773	0.042904	0.045792
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013915	0.016712	0.020726	0.025762	0.031520	0.037774	0.044151	0.050083	0.054675	0.059033
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013475	0.016437	0.020576	0.025706	0.031582	0.037883	0.044356	0.050351	0.055021	0.059442
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.058784	0.068225	0.082277	0.100280	0.121022	0.143511	0.166682	0.188138	0.203318	0.217684
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012268	0.014167	0.016804	0.020136	0.024005	0.028210	0.032523	0.036515	0.039490	0.042352
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013117	0.015728	0.019413	0.024046	0.029387	0.035157	0.041079	0.046664	0.051083	0.055340
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.012756	0.015496	0.019301	0.024008	0.029423	0.035305	0.041368	0.047041	0.051569	0.055848

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	10.984869	13.345515	15.575065	16.906389	18.440672	20.668873	23.795488	25.363482	26.665392	28.153095

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.016338	0.019807	0.024688	0.030583	0.037313	0.044965	0.052659	0.059340	0.065525	0.071245
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.015577	0.019027	0.023887	0.029749	0.036449	0.043884	0.051550	0.058212	0.064439	0.070161

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	1.444895	3.199111	5.403062	8.118181	11.421066	15.323538	19.717892	24.606169

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.507631	0.518506	0.460800	0.517502	0.525852	0.781306	0.552969	0.531255	0.594407	0.629709
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.548546	0.499967	0.517443	0.565623	0.572156	0.720998	0.670129	0.670208	0.640031	0.661545
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.875794	0.862251	0.831628	0.928844	0.863652	0.952241	0.921785	0.906819	0.920107	0.884516
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.322133	0.334109	0.315208	0.342310	0.338527	0.362615	0.335156	0.344259	0.380806	0.356359
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.245154	0.235708	0.238573	0.260585	0.238671	0.246040	0.272466	0.266818	0.248485	0.255668
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.344982	0.297525	0.291823	0.294095	0.484732	0.324345	0.439795	0.400634	0.353031	0.332533
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.234496	0.256919	0.234517	0.271075	0.269177	0.264687	0.269821	0.298359	0.315132	0.246407
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.100505	0.120957	0.101079	0.142114	0.131562	0.142164	0.135407	0.128780	0.164203	0.121795
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.044809	0.046495	0.045873	0.052097	0.045808	0.053516	0.048618	0.052031	0.051549	0.049237
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.116817	0.120515	0.117838	0.118826	0.121761	0.119342	0.119511	0.122245	0.120387	0.120195
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213939	0.216312	0.214665	0.203527	0.217734	0.209279	0.219504	0.224674	0.226622	0.225044
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.182051	0.180716	0.178483	0.182957	0.183626	0.185625	0.189232	0.190183	0.190461	0.189860