Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.1.4'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 2TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 385GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:             CF-1.8
    area:                    Global
    contact:                 https://marine.copernicus.eu/contact
    credit:                  E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS)
    institution:             Mercator Ocean International
    licence:                 http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/s...
    producer:                CMEMS - Global Monitoring and Forecasting Centre
    references:              http://marine.copernicus.eu
    source:                  MOI GLO12
    title:                   daily mean fields from Global Ocean Physics Anal...
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 358.68 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 305760 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 75, 4320), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 1.24 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 75, 4320) Dask graph 14560 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (12)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  contact :

  https://marine.copernicus.eu/contact

  credit :

  E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS)

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  licence :

  http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/service-commitments-and-licence/

  producer :

  CMEMS - Global Monitoring and Forecasting Centre

  references :

  http://marine.copernicus.eu

  source :

  MOI GLO12

  title :

  daily mean fields from Global Ocean Physics Analysis and Forecast updated Daily

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.068575	0.069402	0.070341	0.071508	0.072945	0.074634	0.076689	0.078686	0.080530	0.082113
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.545457	0.548560	0.552679	0.559238	0.568102	0.578720	0.591258	0.605057	0.618181	0.634960
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.728917	0.728946	0.728428	0.728641	0.729439	0.731117	0.732495	0.733820	0.734954	0.736995
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.113276	0.115468	0.118035	0.120974	0.124361	0.128238	0.132461	0.136760	0.140283	0.143317
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.114275	0.116681	0.119365	0.122341	0.126071	0.130105	0.134498	0.138874	0.142020	0.145079
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.784207	0.787282	0.790774	0.794954	0.801233	0.808600	0.817600	0.827296	0.834759	0.841710
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.335431	0.335524	0.335700	0.336006	0.336403	0.336836	0.337328	0.337919	0.338392	0.338914
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.108849	0.110651	0.112671	0.114930	0.117332	0.120006	0.122835	0.125681	0.127850	0.129788
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.110194	0.111981	0.113965	0.116112	0.118409	0.120880	0.123682	0.126446	0.128549	0.130604
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.931847	0.934402	0.937343	0.941423	0.947083	0.954240	0.963080	0.972260	0.978508	0.985001
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.225410	0.225459	0.225548	0.225795	0.226165	0.226632	0.227182	0.227797	0.228224	0.228640
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.106961	0.108527	0.110230	0.112103	0.114119	0.116354	0.118760	0.121205	0.123046	0.124733
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110083	0.111641	0.113252	0.115037	0.116931	0.118965	0.121244	0.123603	0.125416	0.127117
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.800345	0.803308	0.806709	0.811123	0.816364	0.822647	0.830026	0.837689	0.843039	0.848285
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.149007	0.149147	0.149324	0.149629	0.150060	0.150601	0.151255	0.151920	0.152354	0.152806
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102845	0.103985	0.105191	0.106542	0.108012	0.109632	0.111433	0.113272	0.114658	0.115945
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.107235	0.108374	0.109515	0.110725	0.112090	0.113609	0.115302	0.117038	0.118392	0.119620
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.679311	0.682302	0.685800	0.690250	0.695595	0.701867	0.709088	0.716530	0.721887	0.727189
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.116447	0.116645	0.116913	0.117284	0.117773	0.118372	0.119078	0.119796	0.120313	0.120850
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.099532	0.100498	0.101506	0.102641	0.103912	0.105328	0.106897	0.108486	0.109701	0.110828
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.102655	0.103609	0.104589	0.105650	0.106818	0.108127	0.109591	0.111095	0.112284	0.113390
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.508102	0.510485	0.513280	0.516885	0.521273	0.526418	0.532315	0.538378	0.542974	0.547495
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.084907	0.085065	0.085266	0.085568	0.085946	0.086402	0.086940	0.087491	0.087917	0.088356
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091264	0.091955	0.092695	0.093517	0.094446	0.095488	0.096656	0.097853	0.098774	0.099650
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.093921	0.094592	0.095288	0.096062	0.096931	0.097910	0.098987	0.100110	0.101017	0.101866

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	42.893719	42.785809	42.699223	42.854229	42.914742	43.126553	43.591248	44.026344	44.382324	45.012142

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122928	0.12469	0.126691	0.128820	0.131137	0.133685	0.136508	0.139111	0.140992	0.142890
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.130866	0.13261	0.134937	0.136701	0.138756	0.140925	0.143751	0.146388	0.148412	0.150765

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.422476	20.412926	29.921663	39.005844	47.742905	56.224857	64.512634	72.623688

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009289	0.011345	0.014801	0.019151	0.024372	0.030018	0.036204	0.041556	0.045632	0.049424
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.107207	0.132347	0.166958	0.208630	0.254959	0.303173	0.352179	0.397594	0.432539	0.472129
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.053806	0.065070	0.081270	0.100477	0.122090	0.145613	0.167740	0.188223	0.204277	0.222544
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.027798	0.034978	0.044277	0.055185	0.067061	0.079440	0.091714	0.102651	0.110789	0.117799
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.026668	0.034776	0.044947	0.056175	0.068460	0.080949	0.093214	0.104347	0.112452	0.119816
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.163050	0.186534	0.222836	0.269811	0.322858	0.379381	0.436511	0.487523	0.521576	0.553450
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.034073	0.039274	0.046767	0.056271	0.066981	0.078151	0.089407	0.099836	0.107445	0.114515
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.025277	0.030304	0.037486	0.046348	0.056421	0.067095	0.077816	0.087428	0.094213	0.100383
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.024230	0.029622	0.037030	0.046020	0.056073	0.066584	0.077173	0.086780	0.093678	0.099892
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.176429	0.200494	0.237830	0.286442	0.341624	0.400709	0.460794	0.514639	0.549853	0.583085
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.028841	0.033269	0.039441	0.047313	0.056308	0.065818	0.075398	0.084191	0.090452	0.096140
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.023435	0.027865	0.034194	0.042220	0.051435	0.061271	0.071201	0.080176	0.086468	0.092218
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.022639	0.027310	0.033825	0.041901	0.051006	0.060630	0.070416	0.079357	0.085774	0.091580
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.129608	0.150942	0.182156	0.222315	0.268497	0.317979	0.368567	0.414477	0.444879	0.472865
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.021892	0.025458	0.030342	0.036524	0.043622	0.051214	0.058935	0.066033	0.071119	0.075776
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019225	0.022911	0.028198	0.034934	0.042702	0.051036	0.059527	0.067292	0.072805	0.077863
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.017860	0.021750	0.027157	0.033881	0.041540	0.049713	0.058020	0.065656	0.071207	0.076280
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.108223	0.127338	0.155207	0.190983	0.232181	0.276344	0.321429	0.362504	0.389972	0.415286
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.017908	0.021016	0.025266	0.030637	0.036802	0.043387	0.050071	0.056240	0.060713	0.064810
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017800	0.021147	0.025967	0.032125	0.039245	0.046922	0.054773	0.062002	0.067177	0.071962
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.016344	0.019878	0.024790	0.030908	0.037908	0.045412	0.053083	0.060172	0.065394	0.070196
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.081827	0.096835	0.118794	0.146988	0.179552	0.214697	0.250835	0.284003	0.306546	0.327376
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012826	0.015168	0.018361	0.022380	0.027011	0.031995	0.037097	0.041837	0.045339	0.048553
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014976	0.017731	0.021694	0.026760	0.032650	0.039049	0.045655	0.051802	0.056291	0.060485
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013603	0.016499	0.020524	0.025538	0.031304	0.037534	0.043951	0.049971	0.054521	0.058750

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	12.09348	14.27907	16.527687	18.89175	21.126749	23.286091	25.395325	27.100864	28.669636	30.604013

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.042685	0.049127	0.057507	0.066977	0.077238	0.088003	0.098823	0.108521	0.115461	0.121892
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.044918	0.051952	0.060870	0.071197	0.081976	0.093159	0.104416	0.114196	0.121489	0.128593

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	2.016137	4.462676	7.466573	11.120177	15.478551	20.551847	26.271172	32.470352

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.815471	0.790130	0.815179	0.850862	0.887853	0.888519	0.906606	0.929544	0.906896	0.931300
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.793391	0.819179	0.861427	0.866246	0.865247	0.904892	0.880672	0.892110	0.926503	0.960832
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.038441	1.030394	1.065519	1.077676	1.067456	1.103896	1.107195	1.125828	1.143478	1.151395
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.878280	0.863358	0.875344	0.903728	0.904952	0.934012	0.936352	0.975780	0.971501	0.997320
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.569084	0.571384	0.574454	0.599897	0.616336	0.626018	0.640983	0.652030	0.668947	0.689680
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.265501	0.274565	0.306197	0.284562	0.304512	0.282912	0.275201	0.291991	0.308179	0.319898
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.215653	0.226298	0.229049	0.230890	0.231148	0.234859	0.229771	0.236398	0.246626	0.239271
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.142263	0.143423	0.143489	0.149376	0.146987	0.154680	0.151918	0.154893	0.159349	0.158662
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.089839	0.090002	0.091254	0.093311	0.094922	0.096637	0.100091	0.100888	0.102888	0.105572
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.114918	0.115864	0.117225	0.118216	0.119677	0.121050	0.122198	0.123828	0.124973	0.126487
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.212460	0.217146	0.219426	0.218532	0.221468	0.225973	0.229364	0.231161	0.233914	0.236055
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.197769	0.200498	0.204688	0.206245	0.209751	0.212261	0.215631	0.217190	0.219163	0.223332