Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open WenHai 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.wenhai_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 12GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 92B 0.494 2.646 ... 643.6
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    challenger:                    wenhai
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        wenhai
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.940250e-01, 2.645669e+00, 5.078224e+00, 7.929560e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.944473e+01, 4.034405e+01, 5.576429e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Salinity

    longitudeg_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Temperature

    longitudeg_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    longitudeg_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  2.6456689834594727,   5.078224182128906,
              7.92956018447876,  11.404999732971191,  15.810070037841797,
            21.598819732666016,  29.444730758666992,  40.344051361083984,
             55.76428985595703,   77.85385131835938,    92.3260726928711,
            109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,  155.85069274902344,
            186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,   266.0403137207031,
             318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,
             541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (6)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  challenger :

  wenhai

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  wenhai

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067355	0.067922	0.068409	0.069148	0.070131	0.071242	0.072548	0.074006	0.075130	0.076442
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.544466	0.545752	0.547206	0.550485	0.556203	0.564055	0.575366	0.587539	0.598149	0.610022
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.569539	0.566599	0.564117	0.562559	0.561956	0.561998	0.562338	0.562551	0.562738	0.563771
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.129054	0.129009	0.129755	0.131044	0.132535	0.134576	0.137055	0.139916	0.142189	0.144372
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131555	0.132048	0.133306	0.135075	0.137054	0.139710	0.142946	0.146385	0.149092	0.151740
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.879474	0.875133	0.872489	0.870901	0.871625	0.875010	0.881679	0.889420	0.894074	0.899018
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.273362	0.272382	0.271653	0.271135	0.270926	0.271031	0.271472	0.272092	0.272439	0.272775
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.122692	0.122569	0.123088	0.124025	0.125063	0.126365	0.128162	0.130158	0.131516	0.132809
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.125639	0.126160	0.127116	0.128277	0.129516	0.131273	0.133703	0.136380	0.138189	0.140021
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.092571	1.090111	1.089695	1.091522	1.095512	1.101496	1.109859	1.118321	1.123855	1.130141
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.198076	0.197203	0.196598	0.196365	0.196339	0.196548	0.196962	0.197473	0.197727	0.197928
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119914	0.119463	0.119513	0.119899	0.120530	0.121602	0.123005	0.124481	0.125333	0.126173
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.125600	0.125343	0.125471	0.126006	0.126879	0.127956	0.129380	0.131159	0.132395	0.133571
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.907547	0.905490	0.904208	0.904177	0.905085	0.907665	0.911748	0.915846	0.917939	0.920149
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.162356	0.161733	0.161301	0.161066	0.161036	0.161215	0.161574	0.161888	0.161997	0.162171
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.117736	0.117059	0.116717	0.116591	0.116600	0.116825	0.117387	0.118034	0.118361	0.118705
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.124554	0.124067	0.123762	0.123668	0.123756	0.124038	0.124546	0.125314	0.125771	0.126273
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.767174	0.765195	0.764017	0.764260	0.765637	0.768098	0.771481	0.775483	0.777559	0.779521
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.135450	0.134966	0.134612	0.134493	0.134571	0.134771	0.135109	0.135543	0.135757	0.135975
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.115034	0.114280	0.113828	0.113575	0.113497	0.113592	0.113958	0.114425	0.114579	0.114777
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.120334	0.119794	0.119424	0.119219	0.119180	0.119320	0.119671	0.120158	0.120419	0.120730
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.590962	0.589363	0.588159	0.588082	0.588832	0.590692	0.593610	0.596820	0.598110	0.599450
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.102837	0.102471	0.102266	0.102271	0.102355	0.102545	0.102869	0.103222	0.103381	0.103606
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.105433	0.104582	0.103963	0.103505	0.103202	0.103038	0.103069	0.103185	0.103146	0.103127
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.110145	0.109455	0.108944	0.108573	0.108385	0.108345	0.108453	0.108637	0.108678	0.108785

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	35.947348	38.604939	41.255573	43.551128	45.471109	47.172194	48.868358	50.371657	51.547476	52.665517

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.059924	0.060876	0.061874	0.062854	0.064316	0.065986	0.067986	0.069823	0.071356	0.073074
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.059051	0.060437	0.062168	0.063131	0.065235	0.067602	0.069606	0.071623	0.074334	0.077603

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.767613	0.798795	0.757533	0.774186	0.789433	0.833330	0.836709	0.839137	0.873894	0.833756
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.781928	0.774005	0.790150	0.815132	0.806515	0.836198	0.858967	0.832959	0.824835	0.861849
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.899046	0.881724	0.871306	0.911336	0.893934	0.899274	0.912507	0.945186	0.938916	0.949947
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821085	0.824018	0.815891	0.827474	0.844829	0.832988	0.862314	0.866283	0.881911	0.897116
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.555462	0.566225	0.556807	0.567189	0.581320	0.581937	0.595020	0.591970	0.598683	0.609098
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.243245	0.253155	0.254318	0.279772	0.261113	0.275481	0.259454	0.252511	0.266715	0.266322
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.196110	0.197158	0.202653	0.202194	0.203783	0.201876	0.204028	0.203475	0.206431	0.216666
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.128979	0.129623	0.129827	0.130050	0.132590	0.129202	0.136472	0.133701	0.134907	0.141421
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.081910	0.083218	0.081766	0.083772	0.085454	0.083727	0.087186	0.086784	0.086543	0.089647
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.051885	0.052993	0.054095	0.055891	0.057397	0.059257	0.061350	0.063023	0.065322	0.066823
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213965	0.212448	0.215181	0.215866	0.214114	0.214867	0.217361	0.219791	0.219268	0.221682
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.192992	0.193061	0.194485	0.196675	0.196739	0.198067	0.198678	0.200772	0.201013	0.201943

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.561367	19.260267	26.974653	34.163654	41.063152	47.799297	54.463741	61.086483

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.017644	0.022933	0.026885	0.031023	0.035399	0.039624	0.044073	0.048360	0.051241	0.054147
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.164677	0.209490	0.247038	0.283308	0.320408	0.357911	0.398262	0.437061	0.465404	0.493188
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.128662	0.161649	0.188355	0.213192	0.234774	0.254837	0.273965	0.291850	0.306202	0.321133
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051569	0.061515	0.069891	0.078664	0.087505	0.096535	0.105772	0.114517	0.120604	0.125982
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050740	0.062211	0.071361	0.080349	0.089446	0.099292	0.108914	0.118429	0.125441	0.131565
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.629898	0.652003	0.671504	0.693930	0.718849	0.746702	0.777726	0.809159	0.830321	0.848765
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.105125	0.111568	0.117466	0.123585	0.130228	0.137246	0.144526	0.151706	0.156900	0.161621
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046771	0.053728	0.060953	0.068625	0.076389	0.084241	0.092675	0.100497	0.105837	0.110591
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.050762	0.059585	0.067223	0.074859	0.082685	0.091254	0.100327	0.108972	0.115138	0.120320
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.248194	0.310491	0.362723	0.414655	0.467643	0.520919	0.574885	0.624429	0.657099	0.688258
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.043671	0.056813	0.066875	0.075583	0.083801	0.091795	0.099772	0.107224	0.112418	0.117186
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035433	0.044100	0.051307	0.058757	0.066637	0.074758	0.083038	0.090566	0.095641	0.100061
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.034914	0.044503	0.052247	0.060020	0.068126	0.076518	0.084910	0.092761	0.098349	0.103152
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.183522	0.240291	0.285383	0.327498	0.369193	0.411729	0.454720	0.494225	0.520776	0.545351
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.035074	0.046949	0.056184	0.063966	0.071047	0.077786	0.084444	0.090441	0.094862	0.098987
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028521	0.036586	0.043163	0.049651	0.056447	0.063389	0.070445	0.077012	0.081530	0.085515
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.027017	0.035537	0.042278	0.048891	0.055589	0.062636	0.069581	0.076085	0.080849	0.085121
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.155274	0.208363	0.250926	0.288609	0.325232	0.363086	0.401264	0.436434	0.459923	0.481544
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.030130	0.040760	0.049111	0.055950	0.062165	0.068154	0.074013	0.079373	0.083337	0.086960
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026565	0.034566	0.041036	0.047161	0.053532	0.060030	0.066594	0.072767	0.077088	0.080965
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.024822	0.033031	0.039611	0.045833	0.052078	0.058602	0.065104	0.071234	0.075724	0.079801
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.121162	0.168763	0.206150	0.238709	0.268717	0.298024	0.327256	0.354301	0.372762	0.389458
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.024171	0.032708	0.039560	0.045260	0.050196	0.054749	0.059067	0.063028	0.066003	0.068706
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023849	0.031963	0.038266	0.043960	0.049546	0.055068	0.060597	0.065805	0.069571	0.072932
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022156	0.030460	0.036882	0.042641	0.048236	0.053784	0.059273	0.064491	0.068414	0.071950

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	21.760785	27.118016	31.248326	34.615732	37.290381	39.722288	41.923804	43.674926	45.146412	46.44647

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.021655	0.026625	0.031378	0.035983	0.040430	0.045098	0.050027	0.054361	0.057406	0.060377
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.023691	0.029735	0.035016	0.040100	0.045056	0.050242	0.054806	0.058831	0.062484	0.066559

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.200906	8.193868	12.11466	16.242622	20.705275	25.549314	30.771919	36.324501