Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 21GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                                      latitude: 168, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 84B 0.494 ... 5.275e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -77.5 -76.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float64 252MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    area:                          Global
    challenger:                    glonet
    contact:                       glonet@mercator-ocean.eu
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    institution:                   Mercator Ocean International
    references:                    www.edito.eu
    source:                        MOI GLONET
    title:                         Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree r...
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glonet
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 168
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.917

    valid_min :

    0.494025

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -77.5 -76.5 -75.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    89.75

    valid_min :

    -78.0

    array([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5, -59.5, -58.5,
           -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5, -49.5, -48.5,
           -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5, -39.5, -38.5,
           -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5, -29.5, -28.5,
           -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5, -19.5, -18.5,
           -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,  -9.5,  -8.5,
            -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,   0.5,   1.5,
             2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,  10.5,  11.5,
            12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,  20.5,  21.5,
            22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,  30.5,  31.5,
            32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,  40.5,  41.5,
            42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,  50.5,  51.5,
            52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,  60.5,  61.5,
            62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,  70.5,  71.5,
            72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,  80.5,  81.5,
            82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.75

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 239.94 MiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 168, 360) (1, 2, 168, 360) Dask graph 260 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=168))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (12)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  challenger :

  glonet

  contact :

  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  references :

  www.edito.eu

  source :

  MOI GLONET

  title :

  Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolution forecast

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.077787	0.079095	0.078911	0.080645	0.082350	0.084587	0.086478	0.089030	0.090993	0.093326
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.663428	0.663271	0.687089	0.686521	0.739195	0.741540	0.804528	0.808869	0.869998	0.873782
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.483468	0.483643	0.484857	0.483385	0.486873	0.485013	0.492060	0.489228	0.498497	0.493660
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.126206	0.128114	0.131896	0.133357	0.137056	0.138222	0.142495	0.144010	0.147767	0.148591
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.128838	0.131480	0.135557	0.137442	0.141700	0.143231	0.147566	0.149432	0.153637	0.154795
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.983390	0.991276	1.020962	1.028922	1.072198	1.084411	1.133507	1.150750	1.198739	1.219201
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.239058	0.239878	0.242192	0.243535	0.246729	0.248668	0.253081	0.255264	0.260233	0.262227
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.116954	0.116976	0.117182	0.118382	0.120181	0.121964	0.124727	0.126992	0.129267	0.130810
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.118965	0.118895	0.118872	0.119948	0.121765	0.123549	0.126588	0.129251	0.132091	0.134159
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.083849	1.091213	1.104070	1.114018	1.138175	1.152079	1.183954	1.201359	1.234033	1.252240
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.193564	0.194081	0.193619	0.194378	0.195869	0.196895	0.199881	0.201086	0.204625	0.205423
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.113625	0.113511	0.112901	0.113872	0.114887	0.116495	0.118485	0.120647	0.122329	0.123773
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119761	0.119642	0.119214	0.119979	0.121116	0.122513	0.124633	0.126897	0.129004	0.130776
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.929515	0.931548	0.949447	0.952807	0.963961	0.971431	0.982250	0.993237	1.002154	1.013928
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.159893	0.160167	0.160258	0.160673	0.161315	0.162060	0.163209	0.164071	0.165212	0.165926
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.110479	0.110307	0.108945	0.109361	0.109556	0.110239	0.111188	0.112220	0.113009	0.113606
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.117731	0.117564	0.116280	0.116436	0.116504	0.117012	0.117746	0.118553	0.119172	0.119648
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.780587	0.779989	0.788474	0.789713	0.789482	0.794573	0.795855	0.804339	0.806544	0.814201
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.130940	0.131050	0.130694	0.130940	0.130985	0.131582	0.132024	0.132946	0.133436	0.134221
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.107795	0.107702	0.106226	0.106496	0.106513	0.106985	0.107722	0.108478	0.109068	0.109409
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.113045	0.112884	0.111393	0.111406	0.111348	0.111654	0.112255	0.112761	0.113304	0.113587
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.579167	0.581755	0.569710	0.573683	0.573121	0.578299	0.583968	0.589883	0.596879	0.600535
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.097045	0.097154	0.096596	0.096960	0.097045	0.097584	0.098137	0.098815	0.099451	0.099983
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.098457	0.098325	0.096823	0.096856	0.096698	0.096841	0.097285	0.097596	0.098002	0.098084
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.102949	0.102827	0.101069	0.101053	0.100757	0.101028	0.101326	0.101722	0.102040	0.102283

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	52.297643	51.974867	53.568692	53.286109	55.656326	55.540473	57.85445	57.853025	59.814139	59.630567

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.063395	0.065536	0.069473	0.072890	0.076412	0.080974	0.084101	0.089353	0.091175	0.096936
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.063146	0.066825	0.071898	0.075041	0.080520	0.084243	0.089342	0.093708	0.098408	0.102984

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.811346	0.830110	0.826841	0.837411	0.882445	0.913977	0.949382	0.945993	1.008518	0.972169
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.877162	0.889708	0.926167	0.944747	0.962168	0.978418	1.021858	0.991756	1.051935	1.067942
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.084251	1.082894	1.075056	1.094895	1.113797	1.114711	1.157155	1.174979	1.193998	1.211045
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.894107	0.898631	0.897880	0.904124	0.921457	0.914492	0.941444	0.941706	0.960970	0.973153
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.588508	0.597523	0.579090	0.588519	0.595639	0.596849	0.609188	0.615006	0.615886	0.633298
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.233674	0.238947	0.241940	0.252711	0.247714	0.255593	0.243460	0.253744	0.267283	0.275530
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.197028	0.198318	0.203119	0.196276	0.204925	0.203664	0.209363	0.207625	0.215144	0.221865
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.131594	0.132458	0.132364	0.130791	0.133429	0.131632	0.138650	0.135534	0.139243	0.144919
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.080446	0.081080	0.079991	0.081290	0.081826	0.082612	0.084682	0.085860	0.086813	0.089920
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.055334	0.056098	0.055683	0.057324	0.058901	0.060829	0.062914	0.064511	0.066965	0.068843
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.208120	0.208548	0.212100	0.213461	0.212151	0.213174	0.215845	0.216914	0.216545	0.218283
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.187931	0.189582	0.191980	0.194673	0.194570	0.195584	0.196716	0.198455	0.198481	0.198798

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.494101	19.407284	27.455891	34.995628	42.257595	49.335003	56.330448	63.28001

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.029573	0.033991	0.036940	0.041202	0.046050	0.050319	0.054487	0.058848	0.061851	0.064855
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.453949	0.453900	0.530110	0.533790	0.622828	0.632002	0.716636	0.728438	0.800606	0.808905
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.162268	0.172133	0.215861	0.223679	0.253982	0.260065	0.288338	0.294595	0.319528	0.322974
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051299	0.069024	0.083702	0.094412	0.105839	0.114087	0.124700	0.131574	0.138713	0.142670
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050922	0.070841	0.085413	0.096904	0.108646	0.117613	0.127657	0.135258	0.143107	0.147522
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.710040	0.721482	0.791021	0.807729	0.883309	0.907421	0.984286	1.012266	1.079486	1.106214
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.105308	0.106883	0.136365	0.138296	0.159049	0.161940	0.179175	0.182146	0.196290	0.198183
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.044437	0.054068	0.063733	0.071499	0.080073	0.087667	0.096481	0.103892	0.109810	0.114394
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.045367	0.055628	0.065473	0.073572	0.082377	0.090729	0.100023	0.108060	0.114972	0.120207
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.543638	0.561764	0.637347	0.665046	0.746922	0.782294	0.862068	0.900893	0.965828	0.997228
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.084139	0.085290	0.106966	0.108854	0.124852	0.127374	0.140833	0.143493	0.153979	0.155532
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.039268	0.046952	0.055491	0.062698	0.070851	0.078601	0.086875	0.094140	0.099787	0.104467
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.040353	0.048578	0.057438	0.064815	0.073094	0.081116	0.089644	0.097467	0.103838	0.109159
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.411905	0.418798	0.489408	0.504601	0.554783	0.579499	0.625887	0.655129	0.688825	0.712356
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.061934	0.062599	0.079644	0.081149	0.093318	0.095722	0.105594	0.108298	0.115421	0.117247
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.031108	0.036661	0.043727	0.049932	0.056931	0.063839	0.071109	0.077686	0.082703	0.086910
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.030625	0.036144	0.043637	0.049687	0.056806	0.063620	0.070890	0.077288	0.082576	0.087014
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.351774	0.354544	0.414840	0.426063	0.463015	0.484114	0.520245	0.545647	0.572805	0.591114
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.054046	0.054717	0.067009	0.068612	0.076989	0.079605	0.086629	0.089655	0.094769	0.096966
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028619	0.033560	0.040136	0.046034	0.052584	0.059150	0.065891	0.072217	0.076924	0.081030
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028138	0.032820	0.039693	0.045424	0.051904	0.058347	0.065013	0.071160	0.075999	0.080237
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.228777	0.234412	0.283706	0.294469	0.337286	0.352572	0.391825	0.409062	0.438606	0.450054
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.040105	0.040357	0.050639	0.051555	0.059067	0.060455	0.066528	0.068181	0.072681	0.073769
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.025130	0.029269	0.035293	0.040458	0.046226	0.051868	0.057684	0.063127	0.067346	0.070943
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.024494	0.028576	0.034815	0.039775	0.045375	0.050889	0.056501	0.061806	0.065987	0.069716

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	46.435759	46.051557	48.538826	48.394201	51.433317	51.450744	54.194952	54.1889	56.321751	56.214625

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.039028	0.044722	0.051170	0.056774	0.062975	0.069967	0.075068	0.082677	0.085479	0.092374
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.042889	0.051191	0.057881	0.062888	0.070483	0.076268	0.083200	0.088917	0.094419	0.099482

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.583608	9.499783	14.53372	19.737457	25.216227	30.972494	37.035728	43.340279