Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 342GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         latitude: 672, longitude: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float64 4GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:              CF-1.8
    area:                     Global
    challenger:               glonet
    contact:                  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu
    forecast_reference_time:  2024-01-02
    institution:              Mercator Ocean International
    references:               www.edito.eu
    source:                   MOI GLONET
    title:                    Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolu...
    oceanbench_source_kind:   challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:   glonet

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 672
  • longitude: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.917

    valid_min :

    0.494025

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    89.75

    valid_min :

    -78.0

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.75

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 3.75 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 168, 360) Dask graph 4160 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (11)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  challenger :

  glonet

  contact :

  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  references :

  www.edito.eu

  source :

  MOI GLONET

  title :

  Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolution forecast

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.078212	0.079651	0.079739	0.081586	0.083502	0.085864	0.087867	0.090524	0.092582	0.095031
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.671305	0.670575	0.701888	0.700506	0.761012	0.763189	0.833383	0.837423	0.906016	0.909487
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.560995	0.559306	0.559670	0.557404	0.560255	0.556112	0.563506	0.557935	0.567648	0.560916
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.126109	0.128095	0.131838	0.133239	0.136858	0.138001	0.142269	0.143763	0.147399	0.148204
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.128883	0.131438	0.135442	0.137320	0.141677	0.143152	0.147471	0.149251	0.153501	0.154654
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	1.002910	1.010933	1.047242	1.055807	1.100645	1.113650	1.161149	1.179413	1.224749	1.246463
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.245399	0.246167	0.251229	0.252594	0.258187	0.260039	0.265845	0.267895	0.273808	0.275699
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.116766	0.116880	0.117020	0.118228	0.119985	0.121794	0.124585	0.126832	0.129078	0.130584
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.118752	0.118580	0.118477	0.119574	0.121386	0.123153	0.126082	0.128606	0.131364	0.133428
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.093666	1.100252	1.117805	1.127543	1.153901	1.167421	1.200661	1.218118	1.251650	1.270490
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.196862	0.197301	0.198125	0.198739	0.201700	0.202493	0.206954	0.207828	0.212714	0.213240
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.113582	0.113472	0.112817	0.113741	0.114798	0.116387	0.118417	0.120519	0.122150	0.123587
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119604	0.119419	0.118874	0.119596	0.120708	0.122071	0.124197	0.126302	0.128394	0.130074
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.933166	0.935561	0.953840	0.958212	0.969649	0.978562	0.989235	1.002193	1.010868	1.024616
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.161182	0.161412	0.162066	0.162451	0.163575	0.164236	0.165774	0.166612	0.168141	0.168824
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.110361	0.110194	0.108762	0.109113	0.109273	0.109990	0.110909	0.111975	0.112693	0.113341
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.117576	0.117380	0.116015	0.116141	0.116185	0.116676	0.117438	0.118168	0.118819	0.119209
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.786652	0.786379	0.796102	0.797889	0.798793	0.804703	0.806945	0.816241	0.819024	0.827816
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.133068	0.133143	0.133456	0.133701	0.134250	0.134822	0.135729	0.136578	0.137520	0.138294
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.107724	0.107644	0.106093	0.106290	0.106299	0.106823	0.107563	0.108296	0.108866	0.109216
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.112852	0.112714	0.111181	0.111211	0.111119	0.111388	0.111991	0.112469	0.113042	0.113271
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.582565	0.585105	0.574451	0.578207	0.579072	0.584001	0.590658	0.596368	0.604614	0.608656
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.098984	0.099088	0.099230	0.099493	0.100254	0.100708	0.101817	0.102394	0.103571	0.104049
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.098541	0.098424	0.096840	0.096834	0.096637	0.096823	0.097223	0.097566	0.097936	0.098039
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.102831	0.102749	0.100989	0.101014	0.100703	0.100955	0.101250	0.101625	0.101980	0.102194

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	45.54941	45.405019	47.910058	47.978645	50.600357	50.917583	53.136207	53.524447	55.203666	55.479862

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.179710	0.184978	0.221671	0.231299	0.259884	0.273667	0.297165	0.314827	0.333791	0.355201
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.184892	0.193886	0.224561	0.237917	0.260519	0.278322	0.295367	0.316940	0.329859	0.354943

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.808253	0.824069	0.837436	0.850119	0.908797	0.941294	0.976050	0.981811	1.040596	1.013884
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.856126	0.870682	0.914022	0.938668	0.977530	0.983342	1.046021	1.025651	1.091355	1.093744
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.091696	1.113301	1.117555	1.132401	1.179397	1.166708	1.220244	1.242840	1.285039	1.303960
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.865505	0.887553	0.880395	0.892887	0.925369	0.919773	0.955043	0.953767	0.997615	1.014590
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.564704	0.578103	0.559260	0.565355	0.579241	0.590912	0.604182	0.610929	0.625625	0.648769
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.248430	0.257415	0.257004	0.294639	0.265190	0.275910	0.265216	0.265684	0.291049	0.299777
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.204655	0.208698	0.217465	0.213396	0.229926	0.229233	0.226955	0.221908	0.242967	0.251300
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.134365	0.136917	0.135646	0.135372	0.140263	0.137771	0.146974	0.142424	0.151657	0.158844
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.082614	0.083140	0.082708	0.082951	0.085074	0.087133	0.089606	0.090940	0.094663	0.099950
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.051883	0.052958	0.053217	0.055327	0.057499	0.060003	0.062573	0.064866	0.067541	0.070108
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.204231	0.205526	0.209501	0.211213	0.210175	0.211464	0.215207	0.216581	0.217002	0.219039
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.187096	0.189003	0.191917	0.194818	0.196092	0.197637	0.198850	0.200580	0.201103	0.201764

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.829062	21.071083	30.961407	40.566811	49.957737	59.137642	68.153557	77.036201

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.030537	0.035089	0.038387	0.042653	0.047666	0.051893	0.056076	0.060377	0.063444	0.066433
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.461173	0.461212	0.544656	0.548472	0.644156	0.653623	0.744440	0.756151	0.834382	0.842782
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.172511	0.182532	0.229039	0.238081	0.272282	0.280444	0.311978	0.320637	0.347616	0.352753
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051524	0.069434	0.084080	0.094715	0.106109	0.114269	0.124722	0.131591	0.138674	0.142617
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051181	0.071210	0.085861	0.097360	0.109257	0.117942	0.128090	0.135470	0.143251	0.147560
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.737623	0.748008	0.826913	0.843268	0.920001	0.944119	1.019413	1.047792	1.111206	1.137806
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.113563	0.114955	0.149535	0.151485	0.175362	0.177991	0.196797	0.199523	0.214629	0.216250
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.044802	0.054460	0.064200	0.071936	0.080438	0.088148	0.096833	0.104167	0.110041	0.114714
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.045756	0.055988	0.065999	0.074088	0.082789	0.090928	0.100080	0.108046	0.114793	0.120073
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.563125	0.580493	0.663648	0.690012	0.773138	0.808037	0.888074	0.926391	0.991217	1.022820
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.089788	0.090567	0.113985	0.115383	0.133221	0.135282	0.150415	0.152633	0.164556	0.165617
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.039761	0.047412	0.056008	0.063223	0.071295	0.079057	0.087323	0.094525	0.100036	0.104728
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.040649	0.048871	0.057804	0.065240	0.073406	0.081294	0.089751	0.097455	0.103745	0.109012
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.421562	0.428431	0.501020	0.516587	0.568604	0.593816	0.641271	0.671121	0.705591	0.729371
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.063905	0.064470	0.082412	0.083835	0.096681	0.099016	0.109317	0.111974	0.119481	0.121175
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.031452	0.036890	0.044058	0.050237	0.057170	0.064057	0.071295	0.077815	0.082710	0.086921
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.030932	0.036444	0.043974	0.050021	0.057083	0.063738	0.070949	0.077284	0.082506	0.086873
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.362202	0.365532	0.428337	0.440119	0.479425	0.500279	0.537110	0.562148	0.589799	0.607990
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.056925	0.057537	0.070752	0.072308	0.081459	0.083944	0.091424	0.094245	0.099785	0.101767
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028896	0.033721	0.040381	0.046269	0.052786	0.059350	0.066073	0.072293	0.076896	0.080982
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028404	0.033052	0.040014	0.045654	0.052142	0.058448	0.065093	0.071119	0.075941	0.080129
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.235992	0.240834	0.291298	0.301410	0.345211	0.360242	0.400322	0.417188	0.447235	0.458282
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.043256	0.043481	0.054688	0.055411	0.063635	0.064888	0.071509	0.072982	0.077979	0.078943
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.025310	0.029398	0.035514	0.040670	0.046390	0.052044	0.057854	0.063226	0.067334	0.070971
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.024655	0.028681	0.034969	0.039926	0.045533	0.050964	0.056590	0.061796	0.065973	0.069685

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	39.744465	39.588792	43.324254	43.443237	46.972092	47.292208	50.162994	50.396148	52.547539	52.685571

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.148729	0.158501	0.201725	0.213966	0.246732	0.263200	0.289550	0.30951	0.329947	0.352473
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.156364	0.172579	0.207995	0.224132	0.250212	0.270725	0.290594	0.31360	0.327921	0.353956

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.633883	9.922176	15.67913	21.938892	28.746351	36.07016	43.895348	52.07233