Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLO12 1 degree base challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 26GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 200B 0.494 ... 5.728e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glo12
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (3)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067776	0.068771	0.069894	0.071206	0.072746	0.074413	0.076511	0.078649	0.080597	0.082489
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.551592	0.556142	0.561867	0.570134	0.580654	0.592351	0.607770	0.624054	0.639669	0.655343
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.598262	0.598003	0.597922	0.598827	0.599541	0.600215	0.601731	0.603784	0.604644	0.606666
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131527	0.134307	0.137377	0.140794	0.144531	0.148652	0.153198	0.157721	0.161610	0.165121
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.133342	0.136320	0.139646	0.143276	0.147251	0.151605	0.156338	0.161061	0.165007	0.168584
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.923972	0.927937	0.932466	0.937113	0.944919	0.953144	0.963797	0.975206	0.984279	0.991991
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.252244	0.252549	0.252838	0.253159	0.253688	0.254353	0.255249	0.256466	0.257327	0.258153
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.125340	0.127453	0.129949	0.132632	0.135510	0.138678	0.142006	0.145362	0.147981	0.150469
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.127985	0.130188	0.132540	0.135090	0.137662	0.140474	0.143789	0.147011	0.149492	0.152006
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.103756	1.106807	1.110107	1.114900	1.121689	1.130066	1.140381	1.151788	1.159757	1.167315
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.199483	0.199542	0.199608	0.200000	0.200375	0.200935	0.201763	0.202651	0.203211	0.203654
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.122973	0.124753	0.126745	0.128856	0.131156	0.133709	0.136489	0.139143	0.141236	0.143283
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.128304	0.130063	0.131957	0.133996	0.136027	0.138210	0.140544	0.143117	0.145139	0.147134
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.915986	0.919452	0.923373	0.928469	0.933747	0.940079	0.948257	0.956920	0.963252	0.969042
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.163284	0.163409	0.163543	0.163873	0.164261	0.164823	0.165576	0.166387	0.166926	0.167401
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.120044	0.121191	0.122424	0.123777	0.125303	0.126889	0.128591	0.130224	0.131656	0.132972
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.126397	0.127549	0.128722	0.129891	0.131103	0.132515	0.134114	0.135764	0.137089	0.138379
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.774761	0.778363	0.782179	0.787274	0.793231	0.799843	0.807972	0.816739	0.823027	0.828805
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.136098	0.136332	0.136578	0.136955	0.137477	0.138037	0.138828	0.139713	0.140341	0.140912
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.117132	0.118023	0.119006	0.120094	0.121331	0.122645	0.124075	0.125501	0.126637	0.127724
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.122019	0.122867	0.123800	0.124738	0.125747	0.126922	0.128255	0.129635	0.130709	0.131839
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.597036	0.599727	0.602770	0.606729	0.611570	0.617303	0.624431	0.631884	0.636802	0.641751
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.103153	0.103274	0.103467	0.103808	0.104194	0.104656	0.105321	0.106012	0.106398	0.106868
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.107391	0.108014	0.108661	0.109371	0.110179	0.111036	0.112023	0.112990	0.113831	0.114639
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.111688	0.112265	0.112851	0.113440	0.114113	0.114940	0.115850	0.116809	0.117561	0.118364

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	31.855063	31.787011	31.929273	32.238789	32.680239	33.037229	33.50628	34.217461	34.80754	35.717081

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.059922	0.061614	0.063437	0.065607	0.067974	0.070381	0.07312	0.075645	0.077685	0.079725
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.058465	0.060388	0.062498	0.064155	0.066122	0.068120	0.07059	0.073123	0.075433	0.077781

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.765931	0.800328	0.759790	0.783070	0.799771	0.841024	0.846635	0.859965	0.889275	0.849505
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.788700	0.780631	0.792033	0.825155	0.820179	0.842807	0.873329	0.861575	0.853370	0.884434
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.905377	0.887899	0.876472	0.928658	0.909401	0.917143	0.938674	0.979727	0.964872	0.969155
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.824541	0.832327	0.825818	0.842698	0.859680	0.848644	0.885356	0.887540	0.904059	0.911297
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.559655	0.572688	0.571171	0.579680	0.597989	0.600748	0.611596	0.619814	0.629608	0.637776
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.256331	0.279346	0.287449	0.307210	0.282659	0.291726	0.276822	0.271966	0.293890	0.305771
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.198509	0.200562	0.204525	0.210367	0.210992	0.209258	0.213069	0.210402	0.212921	0.222295
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.129385	0.131091	0.132016	0.132522	0.135390	0.132852	0.141328	0.137607	0.139686	0.143908
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.082109	0.083694	0.084209	0.085455	0.087188	0.086208	0.089019	0.089719	0.091799	0.092572
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.052372	0.054233	0.055535	0.057620	0.059353	0.061256	0.063219	0.064827	0.067385	0.068664
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.212890	0.212454	0.216030	0.217093	0.215963	0.217597	0.221172	0.224606	0.224693	0.226871
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.192379	0.193330	0.195393	0.198442	0.199724	0.201772	0.203165	0.206125	0.207004	0.208643

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.657998	19.506914	27.417702	34.850246	42.042171	49.124798	56.163265	63.175755

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009789	0.011713	0.015064	0.019319	0.024347	0.029653	0.035511	0.040845	0.044700	0.048342
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.112337	0.137031	0.172957	0.215726	0.262488	0.310692	0.361355	0.408023	0.443765	0.479062
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.059273	0.070839	0.086398	0.104935	0.125641	0.145915	0.166680	0.187162	0.201531	0.217780
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030146	0.037512	0.047851	0.059358	0.072066	0.084907	0.097816	0.109516	0.118327	0.126008
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.028829	0.036999	0.048439	0.060543	0.073384	0.086833	0.099886	0.111745	0.120732	0.128804
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.183385	0.206914	0.245575	0.296062	0.353426	0.413794	0.475299	0.531574	0.568293	0.602081
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.038458	0.043873	0.051937	0.061869	0.073227	0.085265	0.097065	0.108351	0.116396	0.123705
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.028106	0.033336	0.040876	0.050154	0.060918	0.072273	0.083594	0.094011	0.101386	0.108028
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.026974	0.032636	0.040475	0.049957	0.060594	0.071915	0.083275	0.093585	0.101004	0.107734
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.200199	0.225064	0.265413	0.318463	0.379067	0.442684	0.508378	0.568041	0.606957	0.642424
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.032219	0.036872	0.043494	0.051833	0.061315	0.071399	0.081723	0.091326	0.098069	0.103991
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025941	0.030511	0.037069	0.045441	0.055152	0.065450	0.075840	0.085402	0.092124	0.098295
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025253	0.030094	0.036813	0.045223	0.054725	0.064942	0.075269	0.084702	0.091459	0.097715
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.142976	0.165592	0.198885	0.241103	0.289696	0.342159	0.396468	0.445882	0.478622	0.509220
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.024339	0.028208	0.033532	0.040033	0.047532	0.055635	0.064070	0.071819	0.077452	0.082593
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020849	0.024576	0.029911	0.036716	0.044693	0.053171	0.061761	0.069853	0.075630	0.080864
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019284	0.023291	0.028767	0.035515	0.043284	0.051640	0.060153	0.067985	0.073665	0.079065
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.117933	0.138149	0.167886	0.204983	0.247766	0.294392	0.342397	0.386517	0.415966	0.443176
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.019764	0.023123	0.027712	0.033378	0.039904	0.046939	0.054144	0.060906	0.065831	0.070315
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019247	0.022604	0.027422	0.033634	0.040917	0.048669	0.056538	0.064030	0.069428	0.074367
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017553	0.021156	0.026093	0.032194	0.039209	0.046826	0.054604	0.061895	0.067185	0.072274
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.088325	0.104038	0.127130	0.156402	0.190103	0.226409	0.264013	0.298892	0.323269	0.345480
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.014012	0.016494	0.019942	0.024186	0.029050	0.034246	0.039619	0.044648	0.048517	0.052003
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.016072	0.018818	0.022789	0.027846	0.033756	0.040197	0.046808	0.053067	0.057677	0.061959
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014495	0.017408	0.021392	0.026354	0.032064	0.038309	0.044768	0.050963	0.055588	0.059920

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.665183	10.102786	12.393223	14.567148	16.77022	18.776537	20.773411	22.674604	24.26493	26.05747

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.014441	0.016553	0.020485	0.025331	0.030608	0.036315	0.042332	0.047614	0.051025	0.054511
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.014230	0.015845	0.019840	0.024659	0.029825	0.035209	0.040935	0.045747	0.048751	0.052402

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	2.14182	4.458902	7.110328	10.189394	13.776121	17.895292	22.516478	27.533781