Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 200B 0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 8320 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'ibi'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.057474	0.057561	0.058456	0.059177	0.061917	0.061796	0.065338	0.067111	0.071868	0.073467
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.447061	0.447610	0.450338	0.453520	0.462080	0.471420	0.488442	0.513259	0.539360	0.566246
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.255457	0.255001	0.254864	0.255534	0.257322	0.259176	0.260381	0.262965	0.265234	0.268608
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.097442	0.098860	0.100507	0.102376	0.104516	0.107114	0.110247	0.113073	0.117119	0.120062
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.100719	0.102268	0.104130	0.105976	0.108193	0.111256	0.114874	0.118595	0.123150	0.126323
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.719506	0.718163	0.717221	0.717128	0.717739	0.720879	0.725490	0.729435	0.731031	0.733146
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.192084	0.192534	0.193165	0.193869	0.194552	0.195435	0.196573	0.197969	0.199052	0.200092
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.094982	0.096475	0.098004	0.099594	0.101167	0.102746	0.104563	0.106350	0.108085	0.109542
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.097902	0.099295	0.100895	0.102565	0.104176	0.105725	0.107577	0.109572	0.111026	0.112634
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.745244	0.745340	0.745882	0.746523	0.747885	0.750783	0.754274	0.757739	0.759553	0.761834
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.196993	0.197566	0.198347	0.199176	0.200103	0.201231	0.202378	0.203541	0.204411	0.205403
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.091816	0.093258	0.094727	0.096275	0.097791	0.099325	0.100996	0.102661	0.104045	0.105383
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.093983	0.095299	0.096841	0.098381	0.099862	0.101505	0.103155	0.104823	0.106142	0.107389
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.664014	0.663875	0.663967	0.664652	0.665622	0.667188	0.669352	0.671475	0.672712	0.674497
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.137049	0.137006	0.137034	0.137151	0.137330	0.137620	0.138035	0.138469	0.138748	0.139091
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.086098	0.087342	0.088713	0.090082	0.091528	0.092981	0.094452	0.095881	0.097089	0.098254
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.087254	0.088516	0.089888	0.091211	0.092583	0.094030	0.095399	0.096712	0.097876	0.098988
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.543506	0.543265	0.543300	0.543555	0.544258	0.545382	0.547054	0.548747	0.549728	0.550839
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.105258	0.105172	0.105147	0.105170	0.105286	0.105436	0.105629	0.105852	0.106007	0.106185
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.085570	0.086699	0.087947	0.089255	0.090606	0.091990	0.093326	0.094581	0.095657	0.096725
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.086731	0.087853	0.089070	0.090290	0.091547	0.092845	0.094087	0.095291	0.096371	0.097388
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.403643	0.403455	0.403535	0.403966	0.404542	0.405453	0.407002	0.408740	0.409864	0.411052
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.091362	0.091352	0.091433	0.091599	0.091836	0.092108	0.092436	0.092767	0.092981	0.093224
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.088570	0.089444	0.090392	0.091432	0.092550	0.093651	0.094705	0.095743	0.096577	0.097424
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.090327	0.091152	0.092058	0.093055	0.093995	0.095004	0.096014	0.097001	0.097867	0.098661

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	24.215778	24.216494	23.645916	23.923952	24.58913	25.517241	26.703388	28.813576	29.489601	30.142752

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.091937	0.093351	0.094932	0.096529	0.098210	0.099965	0.102084	0.103968	0.106034	0.107602
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.092466	0.093889	0.095593	0.097174	0.098957	0.100765	0.102775	0.104598	0.106521	0.108286

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.490286	0.513988	0.571904	0.463396	0.508202	0.544488	0.767785	0.548021	0.558166	0.669802
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.424710	0.448153	0.398182	0.425658	0.515173	0.493803	0.612990	0.595604	0.592457	0.567544
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.657598	0.713165	0.696872	0.681889	0.768103	0.675142	0.791567	0.726775	0.760195	0.778687
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.298009	0.330635	0.336448	0.319458	0.354257	0.340103	0.356906	0.338214	0.350763	0.380484
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.255268	0.249996	0.236480	0.235860	0.255569	0.240989	0.246953	0.278521	0.270954	0.247575
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.666668	0.865747	0.857370	0.659646	0.633612	0.744267	0.646977	0.707667	0.892080	0.881476
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.274088	0.322395	0.343848	0.282922	0.307329	0.309777	0.303775	0.306485	0.363870	0.379873
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.116642	0.099614	0.126265	0.100026	0.141694	0.129596	0.140883	0.135565	0.127558	0.162057
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.043211	0.045592	0.046734	0.045190	0.052732	0.047129	0.052069	0.049511	0.052280	0.051994
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.051487	0.055318	0.058807	0.057073	0.059609	0.057478	0.059348	0.059967	0.061995	0.064763
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.215723	0.219253	0.220321	0.220543	0.208131	0.221593	0.216471	0.225747	0.230541	0.230732
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.183486	0.185631	0.183537	0.181886	0.186926	0.184204	0.188207	0.191564	0.193116	0.193821

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	8.84231	17.177641	24.910484	32.092438	38.821037	45.248356	51.441891	57.458958

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.007259	0.008933	0.012043	0.015556	0.021598	0.025086	0.031662	0.034650	0.041951	0.045142
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.090916	0.109327	0.136970	0.169607	0.209324	0.251095	0.292121	0.340691	0.389451	0.436728
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.028149	0.033633	0.040957	0.050270	0.061282	0.072113	0.084454	0.098442	0.110665	0.123360
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.018346	0.022817	0.028673	0.035810	0.044299	0.053431	0.062936	0.071497	0.080586	0.087271
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.018342	0.023104	0.029082	0.036446	0.044809	0.054933	0.065432	0.075284	0.085021	0.091686
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.130396	0.148907	0.176466	0.211922	0.251929	0.295011	0.339685	0.383223	0.410674	0.437778
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.026180	0.030699	0.036601	0.043767	0.051864	0.060656	0.069731	0.078500	0.085503	0.092291
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017558	0.021123	0.026146	0.032274	0.039391	0.046698	0.054702	0.061988	0.068084	0.073195
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017367	0.021123	0.026250	0.032531	0.039609	0.047271	0.055444	0.062919	0.068727	0.074222
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.110808	0.127255	0.150754	0.180827	0.215672	0.253473	0.292485	0.329116	0.355218	0.380415
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.026277	0.030815	0.036885	0.044263	0.052618	0.061568	0.070693	0.079398	0.086176	0.092782
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016781	0.020144	0.024877	0.030689	0.037382	0.044521	0.051960	0.058749	0.064109	0.068976
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016506	0.020039	0.024854	0.030797	0.037560	0.044842	0.052271	0.059205	0.064563	0.069567
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.091416	0.104114	0.122727	0.146723	0.174533	0.204588	0.235479	0.263885	0.283476	0.301973
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.018674	0.021264	0.024971	0.029681	0.035093	0.040910	0.046908	0.052408	0.056306	0.059978
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014673	0.017583	0.021717	0.026909	0.032858	0.039308	0.045892	0.051995	0.056717	0.061148
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014256	0.017352	0.021612	0.026888	0.032928	0.039402	0.046023	0.052169	0.056953	0.061474
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.074593	0.085336	0.101098	0.121424	0.145020	0.170604	0.196948	0.221446	0.238660	0.254725
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.014108	0.016143	0.019056	0.022753	0.027028	0.031671	0.036457	0.040922	0.044151	0.047137
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013829	0.016546	0.020447	0.025347	0.030961	0.037074	0.043321	0.049165	0.053712	0.058029
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013393	0.016273	0.020295	0.025281	0.030998	0.037150	0.043475	0.049375	0.054014	0.058401
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.058307	0.067448	0.081080	0.098562	0.118719	0.140557	0.163068	0.183965	0.198752	0.212785
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012362	0.014255	0.016865	0.020187	0.024038	0.028210	0.032500	0.036489	0.039476	0.042351
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013006	0.015535	0.019101	0.023589	0.028774	0.034396	0.040185	0.045674	0.050035	0.054258
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.012652	0.015309	0.018989	0.023544	0.028801	0.034525	0.040440	0.046017	0.050501	0.054748

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	6.858738	9.431908	11.653678	12.970505	15.00743	17.657894	20.090973	23.166365	24.13518	26.097401

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.016696	0.020085	0.024890	0.030805	0.037538	0.045006	0.052997	0.060012	0.066268	0.071188
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.015974	0.019359	0.024177	0.030057	0.036799	0.044185	0.052013	0.058991	0.065246	0.070384

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	1.445626	3.224747	5.448678	8.179537	11.512771	15.497852	19.994965	24.992002