Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.4.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 200B 0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 8320 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.068493	0.069427	0.070411	0.071640	0.073126	0.074766	0.076764	0.078789	0.080617	0.082324
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.549286	0.552942	0.557725	0.564959	0.574553	0.586103	0.599786	0.614883	0.629472	0.645481
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.527150	0.526991	0.526901	0.527368	0.528122	0.528879	0.530055	0.531697	0.533029	0.534908
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122554	0.125018	0.127790	0.130956	0.134397	0.138277	0.142597	0.146962	0.150689	0.154002
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124145	0.126735	0.129629	0.132893	0.136763	0.140917	0.145524	0.149950	0.153643	0.156899
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.855913	0.859321	0.863254	0.867794	0.874874	0.882939	0.892951	0.903984	0.912439	0.920096
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.237403	0.237543	0.237775	0.238162	0.238713	0.239403	0.240222	0.241130	0.241820	0.242575
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.117154	0.119073	0.121274	0.123765	0.126383	0.129295	0.132353	0.135464	0.137845	0.140020
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.119313	0.121219	0.123380	0.125714	0.128213	0.130874	0.133914	0.136867	0.139162	0.141440
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.018498	1.021264	1.024368	1.028673	1.034872	1.042951	1.052965	1.063415	1.070657	1.078203
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.188567	0.188616	0.188695	0.188984	0.189432	0.190031	0.190769	0.191571	0.192096	0.192626
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.115036	0.116679	0.118486	0.120472	0.122605	0.124981	0.127533	0.130118	0.132073	0.133895
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119678	0.121301	0.122983	0.124871	0.126853	0.128975	0.131338	0.133803	0.135725	0.137536
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.868910	0.872018	0.875532	0.880180	0.885644	0.892312	0.900103	0.908214	0.913868	0.919473
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.152870	0.153009	0.153175	0.153487	0.153935	0.154521	0.155235	0.155970	0.156448	0.156943
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.110655	0.111777	0.112964	0.114304	0.115757	0.117354	0.119137	0.120955	0.122334	0.123619
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.116970	0.118092	0.119206	0.120371	0.121696	0.123179	0.124827	0.126525	0.127860	0.129073
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.735904	0.739005	0.742626	0.747291	0.752892	0.759485	0.767042	0.774880	0.780506	0.786119
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.125906	0.126106	0.126378	0.126760	0.127269	0.127897	0.128636	0.129394	0.129938	0.130513
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.107271	0.108201	0.109164	0.110255	0.111484	0.112852	0.114371	0.115904	0.117087	0.118183
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.111740	0.112655	0.113596	0.114605	0.115712	0.116957	0.118354	0.119791	0.120932	0.122008
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.546353	0.548789	0.551663	0.555379	0.559929	0.565271	0.571400	0.577699	0.582469	0.587203
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.093038	0.093190	0.093386	0.093687	0.094067	0.094530	0.095078	0.095641	0.096076	0.096532
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.098171	0.098816	0.099505	0.100269	0.101132	0.102102	0.103192	0.104311	0.105178	0.106002
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.101882	0.102500	0.103147	0.103862	0.104667	0.105574	0.106567	0.107602	0.108444	0.109241

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	34.529556	34.435417	34.551453	34.810589	35.184658	35.56356	36.104362	36.844162	37.429951	38.370125

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.137154	0.139024	0.141192	0.143491	0.146014	0.148801	0.151848	0.154626	0.156602	0.158731
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.149135	0.150920	0.153520	0.155358	0.157555	0.159830	0.162852	0.165704	0.167832	0.170518

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.784868	0.816129	0.792875	0.815646	0.851446	0.887269	0.889079	0.908877	0.938751	0.914067
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.772856	0.781452	0.808953	0.844204	0.855879	0.853452	0.895470	0.876526	0.888083	0.933483
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.906570	0.924867	0.912530	0.957696	0.960275	0.964287	0.993636	1.015639	1.033470	1.055458
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821995	0.854652	0.841829	0.855745	0.884240	0.891473	0.919264	0.917970	0.965920	0.962769
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.551025	0.576574	0.579113	0.582817	0.609564	0.628250	0.631541	0.648822	0.662803	0.677297
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.279104	0.294473	0.306634	0.319751	0.298139	0.316922	0.294749	0.301818	0.322364	0.334340
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.251115	0.255705	0.261699	0.257720	0.268807	0.262874	0.266480	0.273725	0.278525	0.284769
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.138148	0.141085	0.142894	0.142833	0.148453	0.147232	0.154632	0.151495	0.154990	0.159876
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.089471	0.090984	0.091399	0.092216	0.094993	0.096199	0.097560	0.101327	0.102674	0.104311
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.050492	0.053128	0.055268	0.058147	0.060596	0.063217	0.065613	0.067861	0.070845	0.072645
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213136	0.214374	0.219310	0.221393	0.220774	0.224192	0.228913	0.232809	0.234450	0.237656
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.195887	0.198149	0.201449	0.205320	0.208352	0.211356	0.214002	0.217751	0.219653	0.221968

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	11.803396	23.145418	33.990318	44.396038	54.443569	64.189194	73.710518	83.028358

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009766	0.011692	0.015041	0.019294	0.024340	0.029684	0.035565	0.040932	0.044806	0.048514
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.111355	0.136588	0.172841	0.215548	0.262508	0.311344	0.361330	0.407491	0.443331	0.479256
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.058759	0.069546	0.086174	0.104887	0.125526	0.146784	0.167880	0.187846	0.202830	0.218679
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030071	0.037400	0.047730	0.059356	0.071919	0.084732	0.097663	0.109235	0.117931	0.125699
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.028771	0.036873	0.048327	0.060522	0.073535	0.086712	0.099708	0.111459	0.120519	0.128564
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.182376	0.206575	0.245154	0.295526	0.352543	0.413346	0.474974	0.530018	0.566407	0.600649
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.038307	0.043829	0.051816	0.061955	0.073405	0.085391	0.097466	0.108585	0.116535	0.123893
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.028037	0.033208	0.040765	0.050128	0.060790	0.072134	0.083557	0.093835	0.101121	0.107798
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.026967	0.032563	0.040401	0.049915	0.060576	0.071738	0.083037	0.093346	0.100780	0.107497
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.199652	0.225093	0.265258	0.317974	0.377897	0.442256	0.507849	0.566666	0.604917	0.641500
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.032133	0.036863	0.043452	0.051846	0.061445	0.071628	0.081924	0.091351	0.097977	0.104020
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025873	0.030473	0.037043	0.045392	0.055020	0.065336	0.075775	0.085245	0.091892	0.098024
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025147	0.030012	0.036794	0.045205	0.054712	0.064787	0.075063	0.084501	0.091313	0.097511
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.142830	0.165286	0.198204	0.240614	0.289469	0.341983	0.395846	0.444871	0.477416	0.507623
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.024330	0.028172	0.033403	0.040010	0.047610	0.055765	0.064091	0.071777	0.077304	0.082401
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020749	0.024486	0.029833	0.036654	0.044542	0.053035	0.061719	0.069696	0.075361	0.080587
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019280	0.023231	0.028701	0.035501	0.043259	0.051567	0.060043	0.067869	0.073585	0.078843
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.117838	0.137806	0.166897	0.204293	0.247442	0.293838	0.341334	0.384743	0.413949	0.441032
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.019742	0.023073	0.027594	0.033294	0.039848	0.046873	0.054028	0.060659	0.065507	0.069971
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019151	0.022518	0.027362	0.033559	0.040741	0.048518	0.056498	0.063880	0.069161	0.074077
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017557	0.021120	0.026049	0.032185	0.039222	0.046794	0.054570	0.061789	0.067135	0.072083
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.088317	0.103909	0.126684	0.155968	0.189867	0.226547	0.264368	0.299188	0.323028	0.345149
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.014010	0.016505	0.019880	0.024122	0.029015	0.034297	0.039721	0.044778	0.048548	0.052024
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.016030	0.018777	0.022724	0.027775	0.033662	0.040089	0.046748	0.052970	0.057500	0.061759
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014512	0.017405	0.021402	0.026382	0.032119	0.038341	0.044783	0.050857	0.055470	0.059780

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.681408	10.134659	12.43897	14.6052	16.796381	18.770359	20.786062	22.656321	24.272219	26.130962

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.049954	0.056954	0.066310	0.076782	0.087961	0.099688	0.111359	0.121934	0.129485	0.136602
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.052889	0.060545	0.070606	0.082167	0.094084	0.106330	0.118744	0.129480	0.137661	0.145459

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	2.305467	5.104064	8.529934	12.668401	17.575291	23.233164	29.568892	36.418598